yolov8_test/docs/yolov5/tutorials/test_time_augmentation.md

---
comments: true
description: Learn how to use Test Time Augmentation (TTA) with YOLOv5 to improve mAP and Recall during testing and inference. Code examples included.
---

# Test-Time Augmentation (TTA)

📚 This guide explains how to use Test Time Augmentation (TTA) during testing and inference for improved mAP and Recall with YOLOv5 🚀.  
UPDATED 25 September 2022.

## Before You Start

Clone repo and install [requirements.txt](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/blob/master/requirements.txt) in a [**Python>=3.7.0**](https://www.python.org/) environment, including [**PyTorch>=1.7**](https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/). [Models](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/tree/master/models) and [datasets](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/tree/master/data) download automatically from the latest YOLOv5 [release](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/releases).

```bash
git clone https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5  # clone
cd yolov5
pip install -r requirements.txt  # install
```

## Test Normally

Before trying TTA we want to establish a baseline performance to compare to. This command tests YOLOv5x on COCO val2017 at image size 640 pixels. `yolov5x.pt` is the largest and most accurate model available. Other options are `yolov5s.pt`, `yolov5m.pt` and `yolov5l.pt`, or you own checkpoint from training a custom dataset `./weights/best.pt`. For details on all available models please see our README [table](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5#pretrained-checkpoints).

```bash
python val.py --weights yolov5x.pt --data coco.yaml --img 640 --half
```

Output:

```shell
val: data=./data/coco.yaml, weights=['yolov5x.pt'], batch_size=32, imgsz=640, conf_thres=0.001, iou_thres=0.65, task=val, device=, single_cls=False, augment=False, verbose=False, save_txt=False, save_hybrid=False, save_conf=False, save_json=True, project=runs/val, name=exp, exist_ok=False, half=True
YOLOv5 🚀 v5.0-267-g6a3ee7c torch 1.9.0+cu102 CUDA:0 (Tesla P100-PCIE-16GB, 16280.875MB)

Fusing layers... 
Model Summary: 476 layers, 87730285 parameters, 0 gradients

val: Scanning '../datasets/coco/val2017' images and labels...4952 found, 48 missing, 0 empty, 0 corrupted: 100% 5000/5000 [00:01<00:00, 2846.03it/s]
val: New cache created: ../datasets/coco/val2017.cache
               Class     Images     Labels          P          R     mAP@.5 mAP@.5:.95: 100% 157/157 [02:30<00:00,  1.05it/s]
                 all       5000      36335      0.746      0.626       0.68       0.49
Speed: 0.1ms pre-process, 22.4ms inference, 1.4ms NMS per image at shape (32, 3, 640, 640)  # <--- baseline speed

Evaluating pycocotools mAP... saving runs/val/exp/yolov5x_predictions.json...
...
 Average Precision  (AP) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area=   all | maxDets=100 ] = 0.504  # <--- baseline mAP
 Average Precision  (AP) @[ IoU=0.50      | area=   all | maxDets=100 ] = 0.688
 Average Precision  (AP) @[ IoU=0.75      | area=   all | maxDets=100 ] = 0.546
 Average Precision  (AP) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= small | maxDets=100 ] = 0.351
 Average Precision  (AP) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area=medium | maxDets=100 ] = 0.551
 Average Precision  (AP) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= large | maxDets=100 ] = 0.644
 Average Recall     (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area=   all | maxDets=  1 ] = 0.382
 Average Recall     (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area=   all | maxDets= 10 ] = 0.628
 Average Recall     (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area=   all | maxDets=100 ] = 0.681  # <--- baseline mAR
 Average Recall     (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= small | maxDets=100 ] = 0.524
 Average Recall     (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area=medium | maxDets=100 ] = 0.735
 Average Recall     (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= large | maxDets=100 ] = 0.826
```

## Test with TTA

Append `--augment` to any existing `val.py` command to enable TTA, and increase the image size by about 30% for improved results. Note that inference with TTA enabled will typically take about 2-3X the time of normal inference as the images are being left-right flipped and processed at 3 different resolutions, with the outputs merged before NMS. Part of the speed decrease is simply due to larger image sizes (832 vs 640), while part is due to the actual TTA operations.

```bash
python val.py --weights yolov5x.pt --data coco.yaml --img 832 --augment --half
```

Output:

```shell
val: data=./data/coco.yaml, weights=['yolov5x.pt'], batch_size=32, imgsz=832, conf_thres=0.001, iou_thres=0.6, task=val, device=, single_cls=False, augment=True, verbose=False, save_txt=False, save_hybrid=False, save_conf=False, save_json=True, project=runs/val, name=exp, exist_ok=False, half=True
YOLOv5 🚀 v5.0-267-g6a3ee7c torch 1.9.0+cu102 CUDA:0 (Tesla P100-PCIE-16GB, 16280.875MB)

Fusing layers... 
/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/torch/nn/functional.py:718: UserWarning: Named tensors and all their associated APIs are an experimental feature and subject to change. Please do not use them for anything important until they are released as stable. (Triggered internally at  /pytorch/c10/core/TensorImpl.h:1156.)
  return torch.max_pool2d(input, kernel_size, stride, padding, dilation, ceil_mode)
Model Summary: 476 layers, 87730285 parameters, 0 gradients
val: Scanning '../datasets/coco/val2017' images and labels...4952 found, 48 missing, 0 empty, 0 corrupted: 100% 5000/5000 [00:01<00:00, 2885.61it/s]
val: New cache created: ../datasets/coco/val2017.cache
               Class     Images     Labels          P          R     mAP@.5 mAP@.5:.95: 100% 157/157 [07:29<00:00,  2.86s/it]
                 all       5000      36335      0.718      0.656      0.695      0.503
Speed: 0.2ms pre-process, 80.6ms inference, 2.7ms NMS per image at shape (32, 3, 832, 832)  # <--- TTA speed

Evaluating pycocotools mAP... saving runs/val/exp2/yolov5x_predictions.json...
...
 Average Precision  (AP) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area=   all | maxDets=100 ] = 0.516  # <--- TTA mAP
 Average Precision  (AP) @[ IoU=0.50      | area=   all | maxDets=100 ] = 0.701
 Average Precision  (AP) @[ IoU=0.75      | area=   all | maxDets=100 ] = 0.562
 Average Precision  (AP) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= small | maxDets=100 ] = 0.361
 Average Precision  (AP) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area=medium | maxDets=100 ] = 0.564
 Average Precision  (AP) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= large | maxDets=100 ] = 0.656
 Average Recall     (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area=   all | maxDets=  1 ] = 0.388
 Average Recall     (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area=   all | maxDets= 10 ] = 0.640
 Average Recall     (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area=   all | maxDets=100 ] = 0.696  # <--- TTA mAR
 Average Recall     (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= small | maxDets=100 ] = 0.553
 Average Recall     (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area=medium | maxDets=100 ] = 0.744
 Average Recall     (AR) @[ IoU=0.50:0.95 | area= large | maxDets=100 ] = 0.833
```

## Inference with TTA

`detect.py` TTA inference operates identically to `val.py` TTA: simply append `--augment` to any existing `detect.py` command:

```bash
python detect.py --weights yolov5s.pt --img 832 --source data/images --augment
```

Output:

```bash
detect: weights=['yolov5s.pt'], source=data/images, imgsz=832, conf_thres=0.25, iou_thres=0.45, max_det=1000, device=, view_img=False, save_txt=False, save_conf=False, save_crop=False, nosave=False, classes=None, agnostic_nms=False, augment=True, update=False, project=runs/detect, name=exp, exist_ok=False, line_width=3, hide_labels=False, hide_conf=False, half=False
YOLOv5 🚀 v5.0-267-g6a3ee7c torch 1.9.0+cu102 CUDA:0 (Tesla P100-PCIE-16GB, 16280.875MB)

Downloading https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/releases/download/v5.0/yolov5s.pt to yolov5s.pt...
100% 14.1M/14.1M [00:00<00:00, 81.9MB/s]

Fusing layers... 
Model Summary: 224 layers, 7266973 parameters, 0 gradients
image 1/2 /content/yolov5/data/images/bus.jpg: 832x640 4 persons, 1 bus, 1 fire hydrant, Done. (0.029s)
image 2/2 /content/yolov5/data/images/zidane.jpg: 480x832 3 persons, 3 ties, Done. (0.024s)
Results saved to runs/detect/exp
Done. (0.156s)
```

<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26833433/124491703-dbb6b200-ddb3-11eb-8b57-ed0d58d0d8b4.jpg" width="500">

### PyTorch Hub TTA

TTA is automatically integrated into all [YOLOv5 PyTorch Hub](https://pytorch.org/hub/ultralytics_yolov5) models, and can be accessed by passing `augment=True` at inference time.

```python
import torch

# Model
model = torch.hub.load('ultralytics/yolov5', 'yolov5s')  # or yolov5m, yolov5x, custom

# Images
img = 'https://ultralytics.com/images/zidane.jpg'  # or file, PIL, OpenCV, numpy, multiple

# Inference
results = model(img, augment=True)  # <--- TTA inference

# Results
results.print()  # or .show(), .save(), .crop(), .pandas(), etc.
```

### Customize

You can customize the TTA ops applied in the YOLOv5 `forward_augment()` method [here](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/blob/8c6f9e15bfc0000d18b976a95b9d7c17d407ec91/models/yolo.py#L125-L137).

## Environments

YOLOv5 may be run in any of the following up-to-date verified environments (with all dependencies including [CUDA](https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda)/[CUDNN](https://developer.nvidia.com/cudnn), [Python](https://www.python.org/) and [PyTorch](https://pytorch.org/) preinstalled):

- **Notebooks** with free GPU: <a href="https://bit.ly/yolov5-paperspace-notebook"><img src="https://assets.paperspace.io/img/gradient-badge.svg" alt="Run on Gradient"></a> <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/ultralytics/yolov5/blob/master/tutorial.ipynb"><img src="https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg" alt="Open In Colab"></a> <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/ultralytics/yolov5"><img src="https://kaggle.com/static/images/open-in-kaggle.svg" alt="Open In Kaggle"></a>
- **Google Cloud** Deep Learning VM. See [GCP Quickstart Guide](https://docs.ultralytics.com/yolov5/environments/google_cloud_quickstart_tutorial/)
- **Amazon** Deep Learning AMI. See [AWS Quickstart Guide](https://docs.ultralytics.com/yolov5/environments/aws_quickstart_tutorial/)
- **Docker Image**. See [Docker Quickstart Guide](https://docs.ultralytics.com/yolov5/environments/docker_image_quickstart_tutorial/) <a href="https://hub.docker.com/r/ultralytics/yolov5"><img src="https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/ultralytics/yolov5?logo=docker" alt="Docker Pulls"></a>

## Status

<a href="https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/actions/workflows/ci-testing.yml"><img src="https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/actions/workflows/ci-testing.yml/badge.svg" alt="YOLOv5 CI"></a>

If this badge is green, all [YOLOv5 GitHub Actions](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/actions) Continuous Integration (CI) tests are currently passing. CI tests verify correct operation of YOLOv5 [training](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/blob/master/train.py), [validation](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/blob/master/val.py), [inference](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/blob/master/detect.py), [export](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/blob/master/export.py) and [benchmarks](https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/blob/master/benchmarks.py) on macOS, Windows, and Ubuntu every 24 hours and on every commit.