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true	Learn to extract isolated objects from inference results using Ultralytics Predict Mode. Step-by-step guide for segmentation object isolation.	Ultralytics, segmentation, object isolation, Predict Mode, YOLOv8, machine learning, object detection, binary mask, image processing

Isolating Segmentation Objects

After performing the Segment Task, it's sometimes desirable to extract the isolated objects from the inference results. This guide provides a generic recipe on how to accomplish this using the Ultralytics Predict Mode.

Example Isolated Object Segmentation

Recipe Walk Through

See the Ultralytics Quickstart Installation section for a quick walkthrough on installing the required libraries.

Load a model and run predict() method on a source.

from ultralytics import YOLO

# Load a model
model = YOLO("yolov8n-seg.pt")

# Run inference
results = model.predict()

!!! question "No Prediction Arguments?"

Without specifying a source, the example images from the library will be used:

```
'ultralytics/assets/bus.jpg'
'ultralytics/assets/zidane.jpg'
```

This is helpful for rapid testing with the `predict()` method.

For additional information about Segmentation Models, visit the Segment Task page. To learn more about predict() method, see Predict Mode section of the Documentation.

Now iterate over the results and the contours. For workflows that want to save an image to file, the source image base-name and the detection class-label are retrieved for later use (optional).

from pathlib import Path

import numpy as np

# (2) Iterate detection results (helpful for multiple images)
for r in res:
    img = np.copy(r.orig_img)
    img_name = Path(r.path).stem  # source image base-name

    # Iterate each object contour (multiple detections)
    for ci, c in enumerate(r):
        # (1) Get detection class name
        label = c.names[c.boxes.cls.tolist().pop()]

To learn more about working with detection results, see Boxes Section for Predict Mode.
To learn more about predict() results see Working with Results for Predict Mode

??? info "For-Loop"

A single image will only iterate the first loop once. A single image with only a single detection will iterate each loop _only_ once.

Start with generating a binary mask from the source image and then draw a filled contour onto the mask. This will allow the object to be isolated from the other parts of the image. An example from bus.jpg for one of the detected person class objects is shown on the right.

{ width="240", align="right" }
```
import cv2

# Create binary mask
b_mask = np.zeros(img.shape[:2], np.uint8)

# (1) Extract contour result
contour = c.masks.xy.pop()
# (2) Changing the type
contour = contour.astype(np.int32)
# (3) Reshaping
contour = contour.reshape(-1, 1, 2)


# Draw contour onto mask
_ = cv2.drawContours(b_mask, [contour], -1, (255, 255, 255), cv2.FILLED)
```
1. For more info on c.masks.xy see Masks Section from Predict Mode.
2. Here the values are cast into np.int32 for compatibility with drawContours() function from OpenCV.
3. The OpenCV drawContours() function expects contours to have a shape of [N, 1, 2] expand section below for more details.
Expand to understand what is happening when defining the contour variable.
- c.masks.xy :: Provides the coordinates of the mask contour points in the format (x, y). For more details, refer to the Masks Section from Predict Mode.
- .pop() :: As masks.xy is a list containing a single element, this element is extracted using the pop() method.
- .astype(np.int32) :: Using masks.xy will return with a data type of float32, but this won't be compatible with the OpenCV drawContours() function, so this will change the data type to int32 for compatibility.
- .reshape(-1, 1, 2) :: Reformats the data into the required shape of [N, 1, 2] where N is the number of contour points, with each point represented by a single entry 1, and the entry is composed of 2 values. The -1 denotes that the number of values along this dimension is flexible.
Expand for an explanation of the drawContours() configuration.
- Encapsulating the contour variable within square brackets, [contour], was found to effectively generate the desired contour mask during testing.
- The value -1 specified for the drawContours() parameter instructs the function to draw all contours present in the image.
- The tuple (255, 255, 255) represents the color white, which is the desired color for drawing the contour in this binary mask.
- The addition of cv2.FILLED will color all pixels enclosed by the contour boundary the same, in this case, all enclosed pixels will be white.
- See OpenCV Documentation on drawContours() for more information.

Next there are 2 options for how to move forward with the image from this point and a subsequent option for each.

Object Isolation Options

!!! example ""

=== "Black Background Pixels"

    ```py
    # Create 3-channel mask
    mask3ch = cv2.cvtColor(b_mask, cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)

    # Isolate object with binary mask
    isolated = cv2.bitwise_and(mask3ch, img)
    ```

    ??? question "How does this work?"

        - First, the binary mask is first converted from a single-channel image to a three-channel image. This conversion is necessary for the subsequent step where the mask and the original image are combined. Both images must have the same number of channels to be compatible with the blending operation.

        - The original image and the three-channel binary mask are merged using the OpenCV function `bitwise_and()`. This operation retains <u>only</u> pixel values that are greater than zero `(> 0)` from both images. Since the mask pixels are greater than zero `(> 0)` <u>only</u> within the contour region, the pixels remaining from the original image are those that overlap with the contour.

    ### Isolate with Black Pixels: Sub-options

    ??? info "Full-size Image"

        There are no additional steps required if keeping full size image.

        <figure markdown>
            ![Example Full size Isolated Object Image Black Background](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/62214284/845c00d0-52a6-4b1e-8010-4ba73e011b99){ width=240 }
            <figcaption>Example full-size output</figcaption>
        </figure>

    ??? info "Cropped object Image"

        Additional steps required to crop image to only include object region.

        ![Example Crop Isolated Object Image Black Background](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/62214284/103dbf90-c169-4f77-b791-76cdf09c6f22){ align="right" }
        ```{ .py .annotate }
        # (1) Bounding box coordinates
        x1, y1, x2, y2 = c.boxes.xyxy.cpu().numpy().squeeze().astype(np.int32)
        # Crop image to object region
        iso_crop = isolated[y1:y2, x1:x2]
        ```

        1.  For more information on bounding box results, see [Boxes Section from Predict Mode](../modes/predict.md/#boxes)

        ??? question "What does this code do?"

            - The `c.boxes.xyxy.cpu().numpy()` call retrieves the bounding boxes as a NumPy array in the `xyxy` format, where `xmin`, `ymin`, `xmax`, and `ymax` represent the coordinates of the bounding box rectangle. See [Boxes Section from Predict Mode](../modes/predict.md/#boxes) for more details.

            - The `squeeze()` operation removes any unnecessary dimensions from the NumPy array, ensuring it has the expected shape.

            - Converting the coordinate values using `.astype(np.int32)` changes the box coordinates data type from `float32` to `int32`, making them compatible for image cropping using index slices.

            - Finally, the bounding box region is cropped from the image using index slicing. The bounds are defined by the `[ymin:ymax, xmin:xmax]` coordinates of the detection bounding box.

=== "Transparent Background Pixels"

    ```py
    # Isolate object with transparent background (when saved as PNG)
    isolated = np.dstack([img, b_mask])
    ```

    ??? question "How does this work?"

        - Using the NumPy `dstack()` function (array stacking along depth-axis) in conjunction with the binary mask generated, will create an image with four channels. This allows for all pixels outside of the object contour to be transparent when saving as a `PNG` file.

    ### Isolate with Transparent Pixels: Sub-options

    ??? info "Full-size Image"

        There are no additional steps required if keeping full size image.

        <figure markdown>
            ![Example Full size Isolated Object Image No Background](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/62214284/b1043ee0-369a-4019-941a-9447a9771042){ width=240 }
            <figcaption>Example full-size output + transparent background</figcaption>
        </figure>

    ??? info "Cropped object Image"

        Additional steps required to crop image to only include object region.

        ![Example Crop Isolated Object Image No Background](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/assets/62214284/5910244f-d1e1-44af-af7f-6dea4c688da8){ align="right" }
        ```{ .py .annotate }
        # (1) Bounding box coordinates
        x1, y1, x2, y2 = c.boxes.xyxy.cpu().numpy().squeeze().astype(np.int32)
        # Crop image to object region
        iso_crop = isolated[y1:y2, x1:x2]
        ```

        1.  For more information on bounding box results, see [Boxes Section from Predict Mode](../modes/predict.md/#boxes)

        ??? question "What does this code do?"

            - When using `c.boxes.xyxy.cpu().numpy()`, the bounding boxes are returned as a NumPy array, using the `xyxy` box coordinates format, which correspond to the points `xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax` for the bounding box (rectangle), see [Boxes Section from Predict Mode](../modes/predict.md/#boxes) for more information.

            - Adding `squeeze()` ensures that any extraneous dimensions are removed from the NumPy array.

            - Converting the coordinate values using `.astype(np.int32)` changes the box coordinates data type from `float32` to `int32` which will be compatible when cropping the image using index slices.

            - Finally the image region for the bounding box is cropped using index slicing, where the bounds are set using the `[ymin:ymax, xmin:xmax]` coordinates of the detection bounding box.

??? question "What if I want the cropped object including the background?"

This is a built in feature for the Ultralytics library. See the `save_crop` argument for  [Predict Mode Inference Arguments](../modes/predict.md/#inference-arguments) for details.

What to do next is entirely left to you as the developer. A basic example of one possible next step (saving the image to file for future use) is shown.

NOTE: this step is optional and can be skipped if not required for your specific use case.

??? example "Example Final Step"

```py
# Save isolated object to file
_ = cv2.imwrite(f"{img_name}_{label}-{ci}.png", iso_crop)
```

- In this example, the `img_name` is the base-name of the source image file, `label` is the detected class-name, and `ci` is the index of the object detection (in case of multiple instances with the same class name).

Full Example code

Here, all steps from the previous section are combined into a single block of code. For repeated use, it would be optimal to define a function to do some or all commands contained in the for-loops, but that is an exercise left to the reader.

from pathlib import Path

import cv2
import numpy as np

from ultralytics import YOLO

m = YOLO("yolov8n-seg.pt")  # (4)!
res = m.predict()  # (3)!

# Iterate detection results (5)
for r in res:
    img = np.copy(r.orig_img)
    img_name = Path(r.path).stem

    # Iterate each object contour (6)
    for ci, c in enumerate(r):
        label = c.names[c.boxes.cls.tolist().pop()]

        b_mask = np.zeros(img.shape[:2], np.uint8)

        # Create contour mask (1)
        contour = c.masks.xy.pop().astype(np.int32).reshape(-1, 1, 2)
        _ = cv2.drawContours(b_mask, [contour], -1, (255, 255, 255), cv2.FILLED)

        # Choose one:

        # OPTION-1: Isolate object with black background
        mask3ch = cv2.cvtColor(b_mask, cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)
        isolated = cv2.bitwise_and(mask3ch, img)

        # OPTION-2: Isolate object with transparent background (when saved as PNG)
        isolated = np.dstack([img, b_mask])

        # OPTIONAL: detection crop (from either OPT1 or OPT2)
        x1, y1, x2, y2 = c.boxes.xyxy.cpu().numpy().squeeze().astype(np.int32)
        iso_crop = isolated[y1:y2, x1:x2]

        # TODO your actions go here (2)

The line populating contour is combined into a single line here, where it was split to multiple above.
{==What goes here is up to you!==}
See Predict Mode for additional information.
See Segment Task for more information.
Learn more about Working with Results
Learn more about Segmentation Mask Results

FAQ

How do I isolate objects using Ultralytics YOLOv8 for segmentation tasks?

To isolate objects using Ultralytics YOLOv8, follow these steps:

Load the model and run inference:

from ultralytics import YOLO

model = YOLO("yolov8n-seg.pt")
results = model.predict(source="path/to/your/image.jpg")

Generate a binary mask and draw contours:

import cv2
import numpy as np

img = np.copy(results[0].orig_img)
b_mask = np.zeros(img.shape[:2], np.uint8)
contour = results[0].masks.xy[0].astype(np.int32).reshape(-1, 1, 2)
cv2.drawContours(b_mask, [contour], -1, (255, 255, 255), cv2.FILLED)

Isolate the object using the binary mask:

mask3ch = cv2.cvtColor(b_mask, cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)
isolated = cv2.bitwise_and(mask3ch, img)

Refer to the guide on Predict Mode and the Segment Task for more information.

What options are available for saving the isolated objects after segmentation?

Ultralytics YOLOv8 offers two main options for saving isolated objects:

With a Black Background:

mask3ch = cv2.cvtColor(b_mask, cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)
isolated = cv2.bitwise_and(mask3ch, img)

With a Transparent Background:
```
isolated = np.dstack([img, b_mask])
```

For further details, visit the Predict Mode section.

How can I crop isolated objects to their bounding boxes using Ultralytics YOLOv8?

To crop isolated objects to their bounding boxes:

Retrieve bounding box coordinates:

x1, y1, x2, y2 = results[0].boxes.xyxy[0].cpu().numpy().astype(np.int32)

Crop the isolated image:
```
iso_crop = isolated[y1:y2, x1:x2]
```

Learn more about bounding box results in the Predict Mode documentation.

Why should I use Ultralytics YOLOv8 for object isolation in segmentation tasks?

Ultralytics YOLOv8 provides:

High-speed real-time object detection and segmentation.
Accurate bounding box and mask generation for precise object isolation.
Comprehensive documentation and easy-to-use API for efficient development.

Explore the benefits of using YOLO in the Segment Task documentation.

Can I save isolated objects including the background using Ultralytics YOLOv8?

Yes, this is a built-in feature in Ultralytics YOLOv8. Use the save_crop argument in the predict() method. For example:

results = model.predict(source="path/to/your/image.jpg", save_crop=True)

Read more about the save_crop argument in the Predict Mode Inference Arguments section.

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