--- comments: true description: Dive into hyperparameter tuning in Ultralytics YOLO models. Learn how to optimize performance using the Tuner class and genetic evolution. keywords: Ultralytics, YOLO, Hyperparameter Tuning, Tuner Class, Genetic Evolution, Optimization --- # Ultralytics YOLO Hyperparameter Tuning Guide ## Introduction Hyperparameter tuning is not just a one-time set-up but an iterative process aimed at optimizing the machine learning model's performance metrics, such as accuracy, precision, and recall. In the context of Ultralytics YOLO, these hyperparameters could range from learning rate to architectural details, such as the number of layers or types of activation functions used. ### What are Hyperparameters? Hyperparameters are high-level, structural settings for the algorithm. They are set prior to the training phase and remain constant during it. Here are some commonly tuned hyperparameters in Ultralytics YOLO: - **Learning Rate** `lr0`: Determines the step size at each iteration while moving towards a minimum in the loss function. - **Batch Size** `batch`: Number of images processed simultaneously in a forward pass. - **Number of Epochs** `epochs`: An epoch is one complete forward and backward pass of all the training examples. - **Architecture Specifics**: Such as channel counts, number of layers, types of activation functions, etc.

Hyperparameter Tuning Visual

For a full list of augmentation hyperparameters used in YOLOv8 please refer to the [configurations page](../usage/cfg.md#augmentation-settings). ### Genetic Evolution and Mutation Ultralytics YOLO uses genetic algorithms to optimize hyperparameters. Genetic algorithms are inspired by the mechanism of natural selection and genetics. - **Mutation**: In the context of Ultralytics YOLO, mutation helps in locally searching the hyperparameter space by applying small, random changes to existing hyperparameters, producing new candidates for evaluation. - **Crossover**: Although crossover is a popular genetic algorithm technique, it is not currently used in Ultralytics YOLO for hyperparameter tuning. The focus is mainly on mutation for generating new hyperparameter sets. ## Preparing for Hyperparameter Tuning Before you begin the tuning process, it's important to: 1. **Identify the Metrics**: Determine the metrics you will use to evaluate the model's performance. This could be AP50, F1-score, or others. 2. **Set the Tuning Budget**: Define how much computational resources you're willing to allocate. Hyperparameter tuning can be computationally intensive. ## Steps Involved ### Initialize Hyperparameters Start with a reasonable set of initial hyperparameters. This could either be the default hyperparameters set by Ultralytics YOLO or something based on your domain knowledge or previous experiments. ### Mutate Hyperparameters Use the `_mutate` method to produce a new set of hyperparameters based on the existing set. ### Train Model Training is performed using the mutated set of hyperparameters. The training performance is then assessed. ### Evaluate Model Use metrics like AP50, F1-score, or custom metrics to evaluate the model's performance. ### Log Results It's crucial to log both the performance metrics and the corresponding hyperparameters for future reference. ### Repeat The process is repeated until either the set number of iterations is reached or the performance metric is satisfactory. ## Usage Example Here's how to use the `model.tune()` method to utilize the `Tuner` class for hyperparameter tuning of YOLOv8n on COCO8 for 30 epochs with an AdamW optimizer and skipping plotting, checkpointing and validation other than on final epoch for faster Tuning. !!! Example === "Python" ```python from ultralytics import YOLO # Initialize the YOLO model model = YOLO('yolov8n.pt') # Tune hyperparameters on COCO8 for 30 epochs model.tune(data='coco8.yaml', epochs=30, iterations=300, optimizer='AdamW', plots=False, save=False, val=False) ``` ## Results After you've successfully completed the hyperparameter tuning process, you will obtain several files and directories that encapsulate the results of the tuning. The following describes each: ### File Structure Here's what the directory structure of the results will look like. Training directories like `train1/` contain individual tuning iterations, i.e. one model trained with one set of hyperparameters. The `tune/` directory contains tuning results from all the individual model trainings: ```plaintext runs/ └── detect/ ├── train1/ ├── train2/ ├── ... └── tune/ ├── best_hyperparameters.yaml ├── best_fitness.png ├── tune_results.csv ├── tune_scatter_plots.png └── weights/ ├── last.pt └── best.pt ``` ### File Descriptions #### best_hyperparameters.yaml This YAML file contains the best-performing hyperparameters found during the tuning process. You can use this file to initialize future trainings with these optimized settings. - **Format**: YAML - **Usage**: Hyperparameter results - **Example**: ```yaml # 558/900 iterations complete ✅ (45536.81s) # Results saved to /usr/src/ultralytics/runs/detect/tune # Best fitness=0.64297 observed at iteration 498 # Best fitness metrics are {'metrics/precision(B)': 0.87247, 'metrics/recall(B)': 0.71387, 'metrics/mAP50(B)': 0.79106, 'metrics/mAP50-95(B)': 0.62651, 'val/box_loss': 2.79884, 'val/cls_loss': 2.72386, 'val/dfl_loss': 0.68503, 'fitness': 0.64297} # Best fitness model is /usr/src/ultralytics/runs/detect/train498 # Best fitness hyperparameters are printed below. lr0: 0.00269 lrf: 0.00288 momentum: 0.73375 weight_decay: 0.00015 warmup_epochs: 1.22935 warmup_momentum: 0.1525 box: 18.27875 cls: 1.32899 dfl: 0.56016 hsv_h: 0.01148 hsv_s: 0.53554 hsv_v: 0.13636 degrees: 0.0 translate: 0.12431 scale: 0.07643 shear: 0.0 perspective: 0.0 flipud: 0.0 fliplr: 0.08631 mosaic: 0.42551 mixup: 0.0 copy_paste: 0.0 ``` #### best_fitness.png This is a plot displaying fitness (typically a performance metric like AP50) against the number of iterations. It helps you visualize how well the genetic algorithm performed over time. - **Format**: PNG - **Usage**: Performance visualization

Hyperparameter Tuning Fitness vs Iteration

#### tune_results.csv A CSV file containing detailed results of each iteration during the tuning. Each row in the file represents one iteration, and it includes metrics like fitness score, precision, recall, as well as the hyperparameters used. - **Format**: CSV - **Usage**: Per-iteration results tracking. - **Example**: ```csv fitness,lr0,lrf,momentum,weight_decay,warmup_epochs,warmup_momentum,box,cls,dfl,hsv_h,hsv_s,hsv_v,degrees,translate,scale,shear,perspective,flipud,fliplr,mosaic,mixup,copy_paste 0.05021,0.01,0.01,0.937,0.0005,3.0,0.8,7.5,0.5,1.5,0.015,0.7,0.4,0.0,0.1,0.5,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.5,1.0,0.0,0.0 0.07217,0.01003,0.00967,0.93897,0.00049,2.79757,0.81075,7.5,0.50746,1.44826,0.01503,0.72948,0.40658,0.0,0.0987,0.4922,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.49729,1.0,0.0,0.0 0.06584,0.01003,0.00855,0.91009,0.00073,3.42176,0.95,8.64301,0.54594,1.72261,0.01503,0.59179,0.40658,0.0,0.0987,0.46955,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.49729,0.80187,0.0,0.0 ``` #### tune_scatter_plots.png This file contains scatter plots generated from `tune_results.csv`, helping you visualize relationships between different hyperparameters and performance metrics. Note that hyperparameters initialized to 0 will not be tuned, such as `degrees` and `shear` below. - **Format**: PNG - **Usage**: Exploratory data analysis

Hyperparameter Tuning Scatter Plots

#### weights/ This directory contains the saved PyTorch models for the last and the best iterations during the hyperparameter tuning process. - **`last.pt`**: The last.pt are the weights from the last epoch of training. - **`best.pt`**: The best.pt weights for the iteration that achieved the best fitness score. Using these results, you can make more informed decisions for your future model trainings and analyses. Feel free to consult these artifacts to understand how well your model performed and how you might improve it further. ## Conclusion The hyperparameter tuning process in Ultralytics YOLO is simplified yet powerful, thanks to its genetic algorithm-based approach focused on mutation. Following the steps outlined in this guide will assist you in systematically tuning your model to achieve better performance. ### Further Reading 1. [Hyperparameter Optimization in Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperparameter_optimization) 2. [YOLOv5 Hyperparameter Evolution Guide](../yolov5/tutorials/hyperparameter_evolution.md) 3. [Efficient Hyperparameter Tuning with Ray Tune and YOLOv8](../integrations/ray-tune.md) For deeper insights, you can explore the `Tuner` class source code and accompanying documentation. Should you have any questions, feature requests, or need further assistance, feel free to reach out to us on [GitHub](https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics/issues/new/choose) or [Discord](https://ultralytics.com/discord).