opencv/modules/features2d/src/mser.cpp

/* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
 * without modification, are permitted provided that the following
 * conditions are met:
 * 	Redistributions of source code must retain the above
 * 	copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
 * 	disclaimer.
 * 	Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
 * 	copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
 * 	disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
 * 	provided with the distribution.
 * 	The name of Contributor may not be used to endorse or
 * 	promote products derived from this software without
 * 	specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
 * CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
 * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
 * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
 * DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
 * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 * PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA,
 * OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
 * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR
 * TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
 * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY
 * OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 * Copyright© 2009, Liu Liu All rights reserved.
 *
 * OpenCV functions for MSER extraction
 *
 * 1. there are two different implementation of MSER, one for grey image, one for color image
 * 2. the grey image algorithm is taken from: Linear Time Maximally Stable Extremal Regions;
 *    the paper claims to be faster than union-find method;
 *    it actually get 1.5~2m/s on my centrino L7200 1.2GHz laptop.
 * 3. the color image algorithm is taken from: Maximally Stable Colour Regions for Recognition and Match;
 *    it should be much slower than grey image method ( 3~4 times );
 *    the chi_table.h file is taken directly from paper's source code which is distributed under GPL.
 * 4. though the name is *contours*, the result actually is a list of point set.
 */

#include "precomp.hpp"

namespace cv
{

const int TABLE_SIZE = 400;

static double chitab3[]={0,  0.0150057,  0.0239478,  0.0315227,
                  0.0383427,  0.0446605,  0.0506115,  0.0562786,
                  0.0617174,  0.0669672,  0.0720573,  0.0770099,
                  0.081843,  0.0865705,  0.0912043,  0.0957541,
                  0.100228,  0.104633,  0.108976,  0.113261,
                  0.117493,  0.121676,  0.125814,  0.12991,
                  0.133967,  0.137987,  0.141974,  0.145929,
                  0.149853,  0.15375,  0.15762,  0.161466,
                  0.165287,  0.169087,  0.172866,  0.176625,
                  0.180365,  0.184088,  0.187794,  0.191483,
                  0.195158,  0.198819,  0.202466,  0.2061,
                  0.209722,  0.213332,  0.216932,  0.220521,
                  0.2241,  0.22767,  0.231231,  0.234783,
                  0.238328,  0.241865,  0.245395,  0.248918,
                  0.252435,  0.255947,  0.259452,  0.262952,
                  0.266448,  0.269939,  0.273425,  0.276908,
                  0.280386,  0.283862,  0.287334,  0.290803,
                  0.29427,  0.297734,  0.301197,  0.304657,
                  0.308115,  0.311573,  0.315028,  0.318483,
                  0.321937,  0.32539,  0.328843,  0.332296,
                  0.335749,  0.339201,  0.342654,  0.346108,
                  0.349562,  0.353017,  0.356473,  0.35993,
                  0.363389,  0.366849,  0.37031,  0.373774,
                  0.377239,  0.380706,  0.384176,  0.387648,
                  0.391123,  0.3946,  0.39808,  0.401563,
                  0.405049,  0.408539,  0.412032,  0.415528,
                  0.419028,  0.422531,  0.426039,  0.429551,
                  0.433066,  0.436586,  0.440111,  0.44364,
                  0.447173,  0.450712,  0.454255,  0.457803,
                  0.461356,  0.464915,  0.468479,  0.472049,
                  0.475624,  0.479205,  0.482792,  0.486384,
                  0.489983,  0.493588,  0.4972,  0.500818,
                  0.504442,  0.508073,  0.511711,  0.515356,
                  0.519008,  0.522667,  0.526334,  0.530008,
                  0.533689,  0.537378,  0.541075,  0.54478,
                  0.548492,  0.552213,  0.555942,  0.55968,
                  0.563425,  0.56718,  0.570943,  0.574715,
                  0.578497,  0.582287,  0.586086,  0.589895,
                  0.593713,  0.597541,  0.601379,  0.605227,
                  0.609084,  0.612952,  0.61683,  0.620718,
                  0.624617,  0.628526,  0.632447,  0.636378,
                  0.64032,  0.644274,  0.648239,  0.652215,
                  0.656203,  0.660203,  0.664215,  0.668238,
                  0.672274,  0.676323,  0.680384,  0.684457,
                  0.688543,  0.692643,  0.696755,  0.700881,
                  0.70502,  0.709172,  0.713339,  0.717519,
                  0.721714,  0.725922,  0.730145,  0.734383,
                  0.738636,  0.742903,  0.747185,  0.751483,
                  0.755796,  0.760125,  0.76447,  0.768831,
                  0.773208,  0.777601,  0.782011,  0.786438,
                  0.790882,  0.795343,  0.799821,  0.804318,
                  0.808831,  0.813363,  0.817913,  0.822482,
                  0.827069,  0.831676,  0.836301,  0.840946,
                  0.84561,  0.850295,  0.854999,  0.859724,
                  0.864469,  0.869235,  0.874022,  0.878831,
                  0.883661,  0.888513,  0.893387,  0.898284,
                  0.903204,  0.908146,  0.913112,  0.918101,
                  0.923114,  0.928152,  0.933214,  0.938301,
                  0.943413,  0.94855,  0.953713,  0.958903,
                  0.964119,  0.969361,  0.974631,  0.979929,
                  0.985254,  0.990608,  0.99599,  1.0014,
                  1.00684,  1.01231,  1.01781,  1.02335,
                  1.02891,  1.0345,  1.04013,  1.04579,
                  1.05148,  1.05721,  1.06296,  1.06876,
                  1.07459,  1.08045,  1.08635,  1.09228,
                  1.09826,  1.10427,  1.11032,  1.1164,
                  1.12253,  1.1287,  1.1349,  1.14115,
                  1.14744,  1.15377,  1.16015,  1.16656,
                  1.17303,  1.17954,  1.18609,  1.19269,
                  1.19934,  1.20603,  1.21278,  1.21958,
                  1.22642,  1.23332,  1.24027,  1.24727,
                  1.25433,  1.26144,  1.26861,  1.27584,
                  1.28312,  1.29047,  1.29787,  1.30534,
                  1.31287,  1.32046,  1.32812,  1.33585,
                  1.34364,  1.3515,  1.35943,  1.36744,
                  1.37551,  1.38367,  1.39189,  1.4002,
                  1.40859,  1.41705,  1.42561,  1.43424,
                  1.44296,  1.45177,  1.46068,  1.46967,
                  1.47876,  1.48795,  1.49723,  1.50662,
                  1.51611,  1.52571,  1.53541,  1.54523,
                  1.55517,  1.56522,  1.57539,  1.58568,
                  1.59611,  1.60666,  1.61735,  1.62817,
                  1.63914,  1.65025,  1.66152,  1.67293,
                  1.68451,  1.69625,  1.70815,  1.72023,
                  1.73249,  1.74494,  1.75757,  1.77041,
                  1.78344,  1.79669,  1.81016,  1.82385,
                  1.83777,  1.85194,  1.86635,  1.88103,
                  1.89598,  1.91121,  1.92674,  1.94257,
                  1.95871,  1.97519,  1.99201,  2.0092,
                  2.02676,  2.04471,  2.06309,  2.08189,
                  2.10115,  2.12089,  2.14114,  2.16192,
                  2.18326,  2.2052,  2.22777,  2.25101,
                  2.27496,  2.29966,  2.32518,  2.35156,
                  2.37886,  2.40717,  2.43655,  2.46709,
                  2.49889,  2.53206,  2.56673,  2.60305,
                  2.64117,  2.6813,  2.72367,  2.76854,
                  2.81623,  2.86714,  2.92173,  2.98059,
                  3.04446,  3.1143,  3.19135,  3.27731,
                  3.37455,  3.48653,  3.61862,  3.77982,
                  3.98692,  4.2776,  4.77167,  133.333 };

typedef struct LinkedPoint
{
    struct LinkedPoint* prev;
    struct LinkedPoint* next;
    Point pt;
}
LinkedPoint;

// the history of region grown
typedef struct MSERGrowHistory
{
    struct MSERGrowHistory* shortcut;
    struct MSERGrowHistory* child;
    int stable; // when it ever stabled before, record the size
    int val;
    int size;
}
MSERGrowHistory;

typedef struct MSERConnectedComp
{
    LinkedPoint* head;
    LinkedPoint* tail;
    MSERGrowHistory* history;
    unsigned long grey_level;
    int size;
    int dvar; // the derivative of last var
    float var; // the current variation (most time is the variation of one-step back)
}
MSERConnectedComp;

// Linear Time MSER claims by using bsf can get performance gain, here is the implementation
// however it seems that will not do any good in real world test
inline void _bitset(unsigned long * a, unsigned long b)
{
    *a |= 1<<b;
}
inline void _bitreset(unsigned long * a, unsigned long b)
{
    *a &= ~(1<<b);
}

struct MSERParams
{
    MSERParams( int _delta, int _minArea, int _maxArea, double _maxVariation,
                double _minDiversity, int _maxEvolution, double _areaThreshold,
                double _minMargin, int _edgeBlurSize )
        : delta(_delta), minArea(_minArea), maxArea(_maxArea), maxVariation(_maxVariation),
        minDiversity(_minDiversity), maxEvolution(_maxEvolution), areaThreshold(_areaThreshold),
        minMargin(_minMargin), edgeBlurSize(_edgeBlurSize)
    {}
    int delta;
    int minArea;
    int maxArea;
    double maxVariation;
    double minDiversity;
    int maxEvolution;
    double areaThreshold;
    double minMargin;
    int edgeBlurSize;
};

// clear the connected component in stack
static void
initMSERComp( MSERConnectedComp* comp )
{
    comp->size = 0;
    comp->var = 0;
    comp->dvar = 1;
    comp->history = NULL;
}

// add history of size to a connected component
static void
MSERNewHistory( MSERConnectedComp* comp, MSERGrowHistory* history )
{
    history->child = history;
    if ( NULL == comp->history )
    {
        history->shortcut = history;
        history->stable = 0;
    } else {
        comp->history->child = history;
        history->shortcut = comp->history->shortcut;
        history->stable = comp->history->stable;
    }
    history->val = comp->grey_level;
    history->size = comp->size;
    comp->history = history;
}

// merging two connected component
static void
MSERMergeComp( MSERConnectedComp* comp1,
          MSERConnectedComp* comp2,
          MSERConnectedComp* comp,
          MSERGrowHistory* history )
{
    LinkedPoint* head;
    LinkedPoint* tail;
    comp->grey_level = comp2->grey_level;
    history->child = history;
    // select the winner by size
    if ( comp1->size >= comp2->size )
    {
        if ( NULL == comp1->history )
        {
            history->shortcut = history;
            history->stable = 0;
        } else {
            comp1->history->child = history;
            history->shortcut = comp1->history->shortcut;
            history->stable = comp1->history->stable;
        }
        if ( NULL != comp2->history && comp2->history->stable > history->stable )
            history->stable = comp2->history->stable;
        history->val = comp1->grey_level;
        history->size = comp1->size;
        // put comp1 to history
        comp->var = comp1->var;
        comp->dvar = comp1->dvar;
        if ( comp1->size > 0 && comp2->size > 0 )
        {
            comp1->tail->next = comp2->head;
            comp2->head->prev = comp1->tail;
        }
        head = ( comp1->size > 0 ) ? comp1->head : comp2->head;
        tail = ( comp2->size > 0 ) ? comp2->tail : comp1->tail;
        // always made the newly added in the last of the pixel list (comp1 ... comp2)
    } else {
        if ( NULL == comp2->history )
        {
            history->shortcut = history;
            history->stable = 0;
        } else {
            comp2->history->child = history;
            history->shortcut = comp2->history->shortcut;
            history->stable = comp2->history->stable;
        }
        if ( NULL != comp1->history && comp1->history->stable > history->stable )
            history->stable = comp1->history->stable;
        history->val = comp2->grey_level;
        history->size = comp2->size;
        // put comp2 to history
        comp->var = comp2->var;
        comp->dvar = comp2->dvar;
        if ( comp1->size > 0 && comp2->size > 0 )
        {
            comp2->tail->next = comp1->head;
            comp1->head->prev = comp2->tail;
        }
        head = ( comp2->size > 0 ) ? comp2->head : comp1->head;
        tail = ( comp1->size > 0 ) ? comp1->tail : comp2->tail;
        // always made the newly added in the last of the pixel list (comp2 ... comp1)
    }
    comp->head = head;
    comp->tail = tail;
    comp->history = history;
    comp->size = comp1->size + comp2->size;
}

static float
MSERVariationCalc( MSERConnectedComp* comp, int delta )
{
    MSERGrowHistory* history = comp->history;
    int val = comp->grey_level;
    if ( NULL != history )
    {
        MSERGrowHistory* shortcut = history->shortcut;
        while ( shortcut != shortcut->shortcut && shortcut->val + delta > val )
            shortcut = shortcut->shortcut;
        MSERGrowHistory* child = shortcut->child;
        while ( child != child->child && child->val + delta <= val )
        {
            shortcut = child;
            child = child->child;
        }
        // get the position of history where the shortcut->val <= delta+val and shortcut->child->val >= delta+val
        history->shortcut = shortcut;
        return (float)(comp->size-shortcut->size)/(float)shortcut->size;
        // here is a small modification of MSER where cal ||R_{i}-R_{i-delta}||/||R_{i-delta}||
        // in standard MSER, cal ||R_{i+delta}-R_{i-delta}||/||R_{i}||
        // my calculation is simpler and much easier to implement
    }
    return 1.;
}

static bool MSERStableCheck( MSERConnectedComp* comp, MSERParams params )
{
    // tricky part: it actually check the stablity of one-step back
    if ( comp->history == NULL || comp->history->size <= params.minArea || comp->history->size >= params.maxArea )
        return 0;
    float div = (float)(comp->history->size-comp->history->stable)/(float)comp->history->size;
    float var = MSERVariationCalc( comp, params.delta );
    int dvar = ( comp->var < var || (unsigned long)(comp->history->val + 1) < comp->grey_level );
    int stable = ( dvar && !comp->dvar && comp->var < params.maxVariation && div > params.minDiversity );
    comp->var = var;
    comp->dvar = dvar;
    if ( stable )
        comp->history->stable = comp->history->size;
    return stable != 0;
}

// add a pixel to the pixel list
static void accumulateMSERComp( MSERConnectedComp* comp, LinkedPoint* point )
{
    if ( comp->size > 0 )
    {
        point->prev = comp->tail;
        comp->tail->next = point;
        point->next = NULL;
    } else {
        point->prev = NULL;
        point->next = NULL;
        comp->head = point;
    }
    comp->tail = point;
    comp->size++;
}

// convert the point set to CvSeq
static CvContour* MSERToContour( MSERConnectedComp* comp, CvMemStorage* storage )
{
    CvSeq* _contour = cvCreateSeq( CV_SEQ_KIND_GENERIC|CV_32SC2, sizeof(CvContour), sizeof(CvPoint), storage );
    CvContour* contour = (CvContour*)_contour;
    cvSeqPushMulti( _contour, 0, comp->history->size );
    LinkedPoint* lpt = comp->head;
    for ( int i = 0; i < comp->history->size; i++ )
    {
        CvPoint* pt = CV_GET_SEQ_ELEM( CvPoint, _contour, i );
        pt->x = lpt->pt.x;
        pt->y = lpt->pt.y;
        lpt = lpt->next;
    }
    cvBoundingRect( contour );
    return contour;
}

// to preprocess src image to following format
// 32-bit image
// > 0 is available, < 0 is visited
// 17~19 bits is the direction
// 8~11 bits is the bucket it falls to (for BitScanForward)
// 0~8 bits is the color
static int* preprocessMSER_8UC1( CvMat* img,
            int*** heap_cur,
            CvMat* src,
            CvMat* mask )
{
    int srccpt = src->step-src->cols;
    int cpt_1 = img->cols-src->cols-1;
    int* imgptr = img->data.i;
    int* startptr;

    int level_size[256];
    for ( int i = 0; i < 256; i++ )
        level_size[i] = 0;

    for ( int i = 0; i < src->cols+2; i++ )
    {
        *imgptr = -1;
        imgptr++;
    }
    imgptr += cpt_1-1;
    uchar* srcptr = src->data.ptr;
    if ( mask )
    {
        startptr = 0;
        uchar* maskptr = mask->data.ptr;
        for ( int i = 0; i < src->rows; i++ )
        {
            *imgptr = -1;
            imgptr++;
            for ( int j = 0; j < src->cols; j++ )
            {
                if ( *maskptr )
                {
                    if ( !startptr )
                        startptr = imgptr;
                    *srcptr = 0xff-*srcptr;
                    level_size[*srcptr]++;
                    *imgptr = ((*srcptr>>5)<<8)|(*srcptr);
                } else {
                    *imgptr = -1;
                }
                imgptr++;
                srcptr++;
                maskptr++;
            }
            *imgptr = -1;
            imgptr += cpt_1;
            srcptr += srccpt;
            maskptr += srccpt;
        }
    } else {
        startptr = imgptr+img->cols+1;
        for ( int i = 0; i < src->rows; i++ )
        {
            *imgptr = -1;
            imgptr++;
            for ( int j = 0; j < src->cols; j++ )
            {
                *srcptr = 0xff-*srcptr;
                level_size[*srcptr]++;
                *imgptr = ((*srcptr>>5)<<8)|(*srcptr);
                imgptr++;
                srcptr++;
            }
            *imgptr = -1;
            imgptr += cpt_1;
            srcptr += srccpt;
        }
    }
    for ( int i = 0; i < src->cols+2; i++ )
    {
        *imgptr = -1;
        imgptr++;
    }

    heap_cur[0][0] = 0;
    for ( int i = 1; i < 256; i++ )
    {
        heap_cur[i] = heap_cur[i-1]+level_size[i-1]+1;
        heap_cur[i][0] = 0;
    }
    return startptr;
}

static void extractMSER_8UC1_Pass( int* ioptr,
              int* imgptr,
              int*** heap_cur,
              LinkedPoint* ptsptr,
              MSERGrowHistory* histptr,
              MSERConnectedComp* comptr,
              int step,
              int stepmask,
              int stepgap,
              MSERParams params,
              int color,
              CvSeq* contours,
              CvMemStorage* storage )
{
    comptr->grey_level = 256;
    comptr++;
    comptr->grey_level = (*imgptr)&0xff;
    initMSERComp( comptr );
    *imgptr |= 0x80000000;
    heap_cur += (*imgptr)&0xff;
    int dir[] = { 1, step, -1, -step };
#ifdef __INTRIN_ENABLED__
    unsigned long heapbit[] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
    unsigned long* bit_cur = heapbit+(((*imgptr)&0x700)>>8);
#endif
    for ( ; ; )
    {
        // take tour of all the 4 directions
        while ( ((*imgptr)&0x70000) < 0x40000 )
        {
            // get the neighbor
            int* imgptr_nbr = imgptr+dir[((*imgptr)&0x70000)>>16];
            if ( *imgptr_nbr >= 0 ) // if the neighbor is not visited yet
            {
                *imgptr_nbr |= 0x80000000; // mark it as visited
                if ( ((*imgptr_nbr)&0xff) < ((*imgptr)&0xff) )
                {
                    // when the value of neighbor smaller than current
                    // push current to boundary heap and make the neighbor to be the current one
                    // create an empty comp
                    (*heap_cur)++;
                    **heap_cur = imgptr;
                    *imgptr += 0x10000;
                    heap_cur += ((*imgptr_nbr)&0xff)-((*imgptr)&0xff);
#ifdef __INTRIN_ENABLED__
                    _bitset( bit_cur, (*imgptr)&0x1f );
                    bit_cur += (((*imgptr_nbr)&0x700)-((*imgptr)&0x700))>>8;
#endif
                    imgptr = imgptr_nbr;
                    comptr++;
                    initMSERComp( comptr );
                    comptr->grey_level = (*imgptr)&0xff;
                    continue;
                } else {
                    // otherwise, push the neighbor to boundary heap
                    heap_cur[((*imgptr_nbr)&0xff)-((*imgptr)&0xff)]++;
                    *heap_cur[((*imgptr_nbr)&0xff)-((*imgptr)&0xff)] = imgptr_nbr;
#ifdef __INTRIN_ENABLED__
                    _bitset( bit_cur+((((*imgptr_nbr)&0x700)-((*imgptr)&0x700))>>8), (*imgptr_nbr)&0x1f );
#endif
                }
            }
            *imgptr += 0x10000;
        }
        int imsk = (int)(imgptr-ioptr);
        ptsptr->pt = cvPoint( imsk&stepmask, imsk>>stepgap );
        // get the current location
        accumulateMSERComp( comptr, ptsptr );
        ptsptr++;
        // get the next pixel from boundary heap
        if ( **heap_cur )
        {
            imgptr = **heap_cur;
            (*heap_cur)--;
#ifdef __INTRIN_ENABLED__
            if ( !**heap_cur )
                _bitreset( bit_cur, (*imgptr)&0x1f );
#endif
        } else {
#ifdef __INTRIN_ENABLED__
            bool found_pixel = 0;
            unsigned long pixel_val;
            for ( int i = ((*imgptr)&0x700)>>8; i < 8; i++ )
            {
                if ( _BitScanForward( &pixel_val, *bit_cur ) )
                {
                    found_pixel = 1;
                    pixel_val += i<<5;
                    heap_cur += pixel_val-((*imgptr)&0xff);
                    break;
                }
                bit_cur++;
            }
            if ( found_pixel )
#else
            heap_cur++;
            unsigned long pixel_val = 0;
            for ( unsigned long i = ((*imgptr)&0xff)+1; i < 256; i++ )
            {
                if ( **heap_cur )
                {
                    pixel_val = i;
                    break;
                }
                heap_cur++;
            }
            if ( pixel_val )
#endif
            {
                imgptr = **heap_cur;
                (*heap_cur)--;
#ifdef __INTRIN_ENABLED__
                if ( !**heap_cur )
                    _bitreset( bit_cur, pixel_val&0x1f );
#endif
                if ( pixel_val < comptr[-1].grey_level )
                {
                    // check the stablity and push a new history, increase the grey level
                    if ( MSERStableCheck( comptr, params ) )
                    {
                        CvContour* contour = MSERToContour( comptr, storage );
                        contour->color = color;
                        cvSeqPush( contours, &contour );
                    }
                    MSERNewHistory( comptr, histptr );
                    comptr[0].grey_level = pixel_val;
                    histptr++;
                } else {
                    // keep merging top two comp in stack until the grey level >= pixel_val
                    for ( ; ; )
                    {
                        comptr--;
                        MSERMergeComp( comptr+1, comptr, comptr, histptr );
                        histptr++;
                        if ( pixel_val <= comptr[0].grey_level )
                            break;
                        if ( pixel_val < comptr[-1].grey_level )
                        {
                            // check the stablity here otherwise it wouldn't be an ER
                            if ( MSERStableCheck( comptr, params ) )
                            {
                                CvContour* contour = MSERToContour( comptr, storage );
                                contour->color = color;
                                cvSeqPush( contours, &contour );
                            }
                            MSERNewHistory( comptr, histptr );
                            comptr[0].grey_level = pixel_val;
                            histptr++;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
            } else
                break;
        }
    }
}

static void extractMSER_8UC1( CvMat* src,
             CvMat* mask,
             CvSeq* contours,
             CvMemStorage* storage,
             MSERParams params )
{
    int step = 8;
    int stepgap = 3;
    while ( step < src->step+2 )
    {
        step <<= 1;
        stepgap++;
    }
    int stepmask = step-1;

    // to speedup the process, make the width to be 2^N
    CvMat* img = cvCreateMat( src->rows+2, step, CV_32SC1 );
    int* ioptr = img->data.i+step+1;
    int* imgptr;

    // pre-allocate boundary heap
    int** heap = (int**)cvAlloc( (src->rows*src->cols+256)*sizeof(heap[0]) );
    int** heap_start[256];
    heap_start[0] = heap;

    // pre-allocate linked point and grow history
    LinkedPoint* pts = (LinkedPoint*)cvAlloc( src->rows*src->cols*sizeof(pts[0]) );
    MSERGrowHistory* history = (MSERGrowHistory*)cvAlloc( src->rows*src->cols*sizeof(history[0]) );
    MSERConnectedComp comp[257];

    // darker to brighter (MSER-)
    imgptr = preprocessMSER_8UC1( img, heap_start, src, mask );
    extractMSER_8UC1_Pass( ioptr, imgptr, heap_start, pts, history, comp, step, stepmask, stepgap, params, -1, contours, storage );
    // brighter to darker (MSER+)
    imgptr = preprocessMSER_8UC1( img, heap_start, src, mask );
    extractMSER_8UC1_Pass( ioptr, imgptr, heap_start, pts, history, comp, step, stepmask, stepgap, params, 1, contours, storage );

    // clean up
    cvFree( &history );
    cvFree( &heap );
    cvFree( &pts );
    cvReleaseMat( &img );
}

struct MSCRNode;

struct TempMSCR
{
    MSCRNode* head;
    MSCRNode* tail;
    double m; // the margin used to prune area later
    int size;
};

struct MSCRNode
{
    MSCRNode* shortcut;
    // to make the finding of root less painful
    MSCRNode* prev;
    MSCRNode* next;
    // a point double-linked list
    TempMSCR* tmsr;
    // the temporary msr (set to NULL at every re-initialise)
    TempMSCR* gmsr;
    // the global msr (once set, never to NULL)
    int index;
    // the index of the node, at this point, it should be x at the first 16-bits, and y at the last 16-bits.
    int rank;
    int reinit;
    int size, sizei;
    double dt, di;
    double s;
};

struct MSCREdge
{
    double chi;
    MSCRNode* left;
    MSCRNode* right;
};

static double ChiSquaredDistance( uchar* x, uchar* y )
{
    return (double)((x[0]-y[0])*(x[0]-y[0]))/(double)(x[0]+y[0]+1e-10)+
           (double)((x[1]-y[1])*(x[1]-y[1]))/(double)(x[1]+y[1]+1e-10)+
           (double)((x[2]-y[2])*(x[2]-y[2]))/(double)(x[2]+y[2]+1e-10);
}

static void initMSCRNode( MSCRNode* node )
{
    node->gmsr = node->tmsr = NULL;
    node->reinit = 0xffff;
    node->rank = 0;
    node->sizei = node->size = 1;
    node->prev = node->next = node->shortcut = node;
}

// the preprocess to get the edge list with proper gaussian blur
static int preprocessMSER_8UC3( MSCRNode* node,
            MSCREdge* edge,
            double* total,
            CvMat* src,
            CvMat* mask,
            CvMat* dx,
            CvMat* dy,
            int Ne,
            int edgeBlurSize )
{
    int srccpt = src->step-src->cols*3;
    uchar* srcptr = src->data.ptr;
    uchar* lastptr = src->data.ptr+3;
    double* dxptr = dx->data.db;
    for ( int i = 0; i < src->rows; i++ )
    {
        for ( int j = 0; j < src->cols-1; j++ )
        {
            *dxptr = ChiSquaredDistance( srcptr, lastptr );
            dxptr++;
            srcptr += 3;
            lastptr += 3;
        }
        srcptr += srccpt+3;
        lastptr += srccpt+3;
    }
    srcptr = src->data.ptr;
    lastptr = src->data.ptr+src->step;
    double* dyptr = dy->data.db;
    for ( int i = 0; i < src->rows-1; i++ )
    {
        for ( int j = 0; j < src->cols; j++ )
        {
            *dyptr = ChiSquaredDistance( srcptr, lastptr );
            dyptr++;
            srcptr += 3;
            lastptr += 3;
        }
        srcptr += srccpt;
        lastptr += srccpt;
    }
    // get dx and dy and blur it
    if ( edgeBlurSize >= 1 )
    {
        cvSmooth( dx, dx, CV_GAUSSIAN, edgeBlurSize, edgeBlurSize );
        cvSmooth( dy, dy, CV_GAUSSIAN, edgeBlurSize, edgeBlurSize );
    }
    dxptr = dx->data.db;
    dyptr = dy->data.db;
    // assian dx, dy to proper edge list and initialize mscr node
    // the nasty code here intended to avoid extra loops
    if ( mask )
    {
        Ne = 0;
        int maskcpt = mask->step-mask->cols+1;
        uchar* maskptr = mask->data.ptr;
        MSCRNode* nodeptr = node;
        initMSCRNode( nodeptr );
        nodeptr->index = 0;
        *total += edge->chi = *dxptr;
        if ( maskptr[0] && maskptr[1] )
        {
            edge->left = nodeptr;
            edge->right = nodeptr+1;
            edge++;
            Ne++;
        }
        dxptr++;
        nodeptr++;
        maskptr++;
        for ( int i = 1; i < src->cols-1; i++ )
        {
            initMSCRNode( nodeptr );
            nodeptr->index = i;
            if ( maskptr[0] && maskptr[1] )
            {
                *total += edge->chi = *dxptr;
                edge->left = nodeptr;
                edge->right = nodeptr+1;
                edge++;
                Ne++;
            }
            dxptr++;
            nodeptr++;
            maskptr++;
        }
        initMSCRNode( nodeptr );
        nodeptr->index = src->cols-1;
        nodeptr++;
        maskptr += maskcpt;
        for ( int i = 1; i < src->rows-1; i++ )
        {
            initMSCRNode( nodeptr );
            nodeptr->index = i<<16;
            if ( maskptr[0] )
            {
                if ( maskptr[-mask->step] )
                {
                    *total += edge->chi = *dyptr;
                    edge->left = nodeptr-src->cols;
                    edge->right = nodeptr;
                    edge++;
                    Ne++;
                }
                if ( maskptr[1] )
                {
                    *total += edge->chi = *dxptr;
                    edge->left = nodeptr;
                    edge->right = nodeptr+1;
                    edge++;
                    Ne++;
                }
            }
            dyptr++;
            dxptr++;
            nodeptr++;
            maskptr++;
            for ( int j = 1; j < src->cols-1; j++ )
            {
                initMSCRNode( nodeptr );
                nodeptr->index = (i<<16)|j;
                if ( maskptr[0] )
                {
                    if ( maskptr[-mask->step] )
                    {
                        *total += edge->chi = *dyptr;
                        edge->left = nodeptr-src->cols;
                        edge->right = nodeptr;
                        edge++;
                        Ne++;
                    }
                    if ( maskptr[1] )
                    {
                        *total += edge->chi = *dxptr;
                        edge->left = nodeptr;
                        edge->right = nodeptr+1;
                        edge++;
                        Ne++;
                    }
                }
                dyptr++;
                dxptr++;
                nodeptr++;
                maskptr++;
            }
            initMSCRNode( nodeptr );
            nodeptr->index = (i<<16)|(src->cols-1);
            if ( maskptr[0] && maskptr[-mask->step] )
            {
                *total += edge->chi = *dyptr;
                edge->left = nodeptr-src->cols;
                edge->right = nodeptr;
                edge++;
                Ne++;
            }
            dyptr++;
            nodeptr++;
            maskptr += maskcpt;
        }
        initMSCRNode( nodeptr );
        nodeptr->index = (src->rows-1)<<16;
        if ( maskptr[0] )
        {
            if ( maskptr[1] )
            {
                *total += edge->chi = *dxptr;
                edge->left = nodeptr;
                edge->right = nodeptr+1;
                edge++;
                Ne++;
            }
            if ( maskptr[-mask->step] )
            {
                *total += edge->chi = *dyptr;
                edge->left = nodeptr-src->cols;
                edge->right = nodeptr;
                edge++;
                Ne++;
            }
        }
        dxptr++;
        dyptr++;
        nodeptr++;
        maskptr++;
        for ( int i = 1; i < src->cols-1; i++ )
        {
            initMSCRNode( nodeptr );
            nodeptr->index = ((src->rows-1)<<16)|i;
            if ( maskptr[0] )
            {
                if ( maskptr[1] )
                {
                    *total += edge->chi = *dxptr;
                    edge->left = nodeptr;
                    edge->right = nodeptr+1;
                    edge++;
                    Ne++;
                }
                if ( maskptr[-mask->step] )
                {
                    *total += edge->chi = *dyptr;
                    edge->left = nodeptr-src->cols;
                    edge->right = nodeptr;
                    edge++;
                    Ne++;
                }
            }
            dxptr++;
            dyptr++;
            nodeptr++;
            maskptr++;
        }
        initMSCRNode( nodeptr );
        nodeptr->index = ((src->rows-1)<<16)|(src->cols-1);
        if ( maskptr[0] && maskptr[-mask->step] )
        {
            *total += edge->chi = *dyptr;
            edge->left = nodeptr-src->cols;
            edge->right = nodeptr;
            Ne++;
        }
    } else {
        MSCRNode* nodeptr = node;
        initMSCRNode( nodeptr );
        nodeptr->index = 0;
        *total += edge->chi = *dxptr;
        dxptr++;
        edge->left = nodeptr;
        edge->right = nodeptr+1;
        edge++;
        nodeptr++;
        for ( int i = 1; i < src->cols-1; i++ )
        {
            initMSCRNode( nodeptr );
            nodeptr->index = i;
            *total += edge->chi = *dxptr;
            dxptr++;
            edge->left = nodeptr;
            edge->right = nodeptr+1;
            edge++;
            nodeptr++;
        }
        initMSCRNode( nodeptr );
        nodeptr->index = src->cols-1;
        nodeptr++;
        for ( int i = 1; i < src->rows-1; i++ )
        {
            initMSCRNode( nodeptr );
            nodeptr->index = i<<16;
            *total += edge->chi = *dyptr;
            dyptr++;
            edge->left = nodeptr-src->cols;
            edge->right = nodeptr;
            edge++;
            *total += edge->chi = *dxptr;
            dxptr++;
            edge->left = nodeptr;
            edge->right = nodeptr+1;
            edge++;
            nodeptr++;
            for ( int j = 1; j < src->cols-1; j++ )
            {
                initMSCRNode( nodeptr );
                nodeptr->index = (i<<16)|j;
                *total += edge->chi = *dyptr;
                dyptr++;
                edge->left = nodeptr-src->cols;
                edge->right = nodeptr;
                edge++;
                *total += edge->chi = *dxptr;
                dxptr++;
                edge->left = nodeptr;
                edge->right = nodeptr+1;
                edge++;
                nodeptr++;
            }
            initMSCRNode( nodeptr );
            nodeptr->index = (i<<16)|(src->cols-1);
            *total += edge->chi = *dyptr;
            dyptr++;
            edge->left = nodeptr-src->cols;
            edge->right = nodeptr;
            edge++;
            nodeptr++;
        }
        initMSCRNode( nodeptr );
        nodeptr->index = (src->rows-1)<<16;
        *total += edge->chi = *dxptr;
        dxptr++;
        edge->left = nodeptr;
        edge->right = nodeptr+1;
        edge++;
        *total += edge->chi = *dyptr;
        dyptr++;
        edge->left = nodeptr-src->cols;
        edge->right = nodeptr;
        edge++;
        nodeptr++;
        for ( int i = 1; i < src->cols-1; i++ )
        {
            initMSCRNode( nodeptr );
            nodeptr->index = ((src->rows-1)<<16)|i;
            *total += edge->chi = *dxptr;
            dxptr++;
            edge->left = nodeptr;
            edge->right = nodeptr+1;
            edge++;
            *total += edge->chi = *dyptr;
            dyptr++;
            edge->left = nodeptr-src->cols;
            edge->right = nodeptr;
            edge++;
            nodeptr++;
        }
        initMSCRNode( nodeptr );
        nodeptr->index = ((src->rows-1)<<16)|(src->cols-1);
        *total += edge->chi = *dyptr;
        edge->left = nodeptr-src->cols;
        edge->right = nodeptr;
    }
    return Ne;
}

#define cmp_mscr_edge(edge1, edge2) \
    ((edge1).chi < (edge2).chi)

static CV_IMPLEMENT_QSORT( QuickSortMSCREdge, MSCREdge, cmp_mscr_edge )

// to find the root of one region
static MSCRNode* findMSCR( MSCRNode* x )
{
    MSCRNode* prev = x;
    MSCRNode* next;
    for ( ; ; )
    {
        next = x->shortcut;
        x->shortcut = prev;
        if ( next == x ) break;
        prev= x;
        x = next;
    }
    MSCRNode* root = x;
    for ( ; ; )
    {
        prev = x->shortcut;
        x->shortcut = root;
        if ( prev == x ) break;
        x = prev;
    }
    return root;
}

// the stable mscr should be:
// bigger than minArea and smaller than maxArea
// differ from its ancestor more than minDiversity
static bool MSCRStableCheck( MSCRNode* x, MSERParams params )
{
    if ( x->size <= params.minArea || x->size >= params.maxArea )
        return 0;
    if ( x->gmsr == NULL )
        return 1;
    double div = (double)(x->size-x->gmsr->size)/(double)x->size;
    return div > params.minDiversity;
}

static void
extractMSER_8UC3( CvMat* src,
             CvMat* mask,
             CvSeq* contours,
             CvMemStorage* storage,
             MSERParams params )
{
    MSCRNode* map = (MSCRNode*)cvAlloc( src->cols*src->rows*sizeof(map[0]) );
    int Ne = src->cols*src->rows*2-src->cols-src->rows;
    MSCREdge* edge = (MSCREdge*)cvAlloc( Ne*sizeof(edge[0]) );
    TempMSCR* mscr = (TempMSCR*)cvAlloc( src->cols*src->rows*sizeof(mscr[0]) );
    double emean = 0;
    CvMat* dx = cvCreateMat( src->rows, src->cols-1, CV_64FC1 );
    CvMat* dy = cvCreateMat( src->rows-1, src->cols, CV_64FC1 );
    Ne = preprocessMSER_8UC3( map, edge, &emean, src, mask, dx, dy, Ne, params.edgeBlurSize );
    emean = emean / (double)Ne;
    QuickSortMSCREdge( edge, Ne, 0 );
    MSCREdge* edge_ub = edge+Ne;
    MSCREdge* edgeptr = edge;
    TempMSCR* mscrptr = mscr;
    // the evolution process
    for ( int i = 0; i < params.maxEvolution; i++ )
    {
        double k = (double)i/(double)params.maxEvolution*(TABLE_SIZE-1);
        int ti = cvFloor(k);
        double reminder = k-ti;
        double thres = emean*(chitab3[ti]*(1-reminder)+chitab3[ti+1]*reminder);
        // to process all the edges in the list that chi < thres
        while ( edgeptr < edge_ub && edgeptr->chi < thres )
        {
            MSCRNode* lr = findMSCR( edgeptr->left );
            MSCRNode* rr = findMSCR( edgeptr->right );
            // get the region root (who is responsible)
            if ( lr != rr )
            {
                // rank idea take from: N-tree Disjoint-Set Forests for Maximally Stable Extremal Regions
                if ( rr->rank > lr->rank )
                {
                    MSCRNode* tmp;
                    CV_SWAP( lr, rr, tmp );
                } else if ( lr->rank == rr->rank ) {
                    // at the same rank, we will compare the size
                    if ( lr->size > rr->size )
                    {
                        MSCRNode* tmp;
                        CV_SWAP( lr, rr, tmp );
                    }
                    lr->rank++;
                }
                rr->shortcut = lr;
                lr->size += rr->size;
                // join rr to the end of list lr (lr is a endless double-linked list)
                lr->prev->next = rr;
                lr->prev = rr->prev;
                rr->prev->next = lr;
                rr->prev = lr;
                // area threshold force to reinitialize
                if ( lr->size > (lr->size-rr->size)*params.areaThreshold )
                {
                    lr->sizei = lr->size;
                    lr->reinit = i;
                    if ( lr->tmsr != NULL )
                    {
                        lr->tmsr->m = lr->dt-lr->di;
                        lr->tmsr = NULL;
                    }
                    lr->di = edgeptr->chi;
                    lr->s = 1e10;
                }
                lr->dt = edgeptr->chi;
                if ( i > lr->reinit )
                {
                    double s = (double)(lr->size-lr->sizei)/(lr->dt-lr->di);
                    if ( s < lr->s )
                    {
                        // skip the first one and check stablity
                        if ( i > lr->reinit+1 && MSCRStableCheck( lr, params ) )
                        {
                            if ( lr->tmsr == NULL )
                            {
                                lr->gmsr = lr->tmsr = mscrptr;
                                mscrptr++;
                            }
                            lr->tmsr->size = lr->size;
                            lr->tmsr->head = lr;
                            lr->tmsr->tail = lr->prev;
                            lr->tmsr->m = 0;
                        }
                        lr->s = s;
                    }
                }
            }
            edgeptr++;
        }
        if ( edgeptr >= edge_ub )
            break;
    }
    for ( TempMSCR* ptr = mscr; ptr < mscrptr; ptr++ )
        // to prune area with margin less than minMargin
        if ( ptr->m > params.minMargin )
        {
            CvSeq* _contour = cvCreateSeq( CV_SEQ_KIND_GENERIC|CV_32SC2, sizeof(CvContour), sizeof(CvPoint), storage );
            cvSeqPushMulti( _contour, 0, ptr->size );
            MSCRNode* lpt = ptr->head;
            for ( int i = 0; i < ptr->size; i++ )
            {
                CvPoint* pt = CV_GET_SEQ_ELEM( CvPoint, _contour, i );
                pt->x = (lpt->index)&0xffff;
                pt->y = (lpt->index)>>16;
                lpt = lpt->next;
            }
            CvContour* contour = (CvContour*)_contour;
            cvBoundingRect( contour );
            contour->color = 0;
            cvSeqPush( contours, &contour );
        }
    cvReleaseMat( &dx );
    cvReleaseMat( &dy );
    cvFree( &mscr );
    cvFree( &edge );
    cvFree( &map );
}

static void
extractMSER( CvArr* _img,
           CvArr* _mask,
           CvSeq** _contours,
           CvMemStorage* storage,
           MSERParams params )
{
    CvMat srchdr, *src = cvGetMat( _img, &srchdr );
    CvMat maskhdr, *mask = _mask ? cvGetMat( _mask, &maskhdr ) : 0;
    CvSeq* contours = 0;

    CV_Assert(src != 0);
    CV_Assert(CV_MAT_TYPE(src->type) == CV_8UC1 || CV_MAT_TYPE(src->type) == CV_8UC3);
    CV_Assert(mask == 0 || (CV_ARE_SIZES_EQ(src, mask) && CV_MAT_TYPE(mask->type) == CV_8UC1));
    CV_Assert(storage != 0);

    contours = *_contours = cvCreateSeq( 0, sizeof(CvSeq), sizeof(CvSeq*), storage );

    // choose different method for different image type
    // for grey image, it is: Linear Time Maximally Stable Extremal Regions
    // for color image, it is: Maximally Stable Colour Regions for Recognition and Matching
    switch ( CV_MAT_TYPE(src->type) )
    {
        case CV_8UC1:
            extractMSER_8UC1( src, mask, contours, storage, params );
            break;
        case CV_8UC3:
            extractMSER_8UC3( src, mask, contours, storage, params );
            break;
    }
}


MSER::MSER( int _delta, int _min_area, int _max_area,
      double _max_variation, double _min_diversity,
      int _max_evolution, double _area_threshold,
      double _min_margin, int _edge_blur_size )
    : delta(_delta), minArea(_min_area), maxArea(_max_area),
    maxVariation(_max_variation), minDiversity(_min_diversity),
    maxEvolution(_max_evolution), areaThreshold(_area_threshold),
    minMargin(_min_margin), edgeBlurSize(_edge_blur_size)
{
}

void MSER::operator()( const Mat& image, std::vector<std::vector<Point> >& dstcontours, const Mat& mask ) const
{
    CvMat _image = image, _mask, *pmask = 0;
    if( mask.data )
        pmask = &(_mask = mask);
    MemStorage storage(cvCreateMemStorage(0));
    Seq<CvSeq*> contours;
    extractMSER( &_image, pmask, &contours.seq, storage,
                 MSERParams(delta, minArea, maxArea, maxVariation, minDiversity,
                            maxEvolution, areaThreshold, minMargin, edgeBlurSize));
    SeqIterator<CvSeq*> it = contours.begin();
    size_t i, ncontours = contours.size();
    dstcontours.resize(ncontours);
    for( i = 0; i < ncontours; i++, ++it )
        Seq<Point>(*it).copyTo(dstcontours[i]);
}


void MserFeatureDetector::detectImpl( const Mat& image, std::vector<KeyPoint>& keypoints, const Mat& mask ) const
{
    std::vector<std::vector<Point> > msers;

    (*this)(image, msers, mask);

    std::vector<std::vector<Point> >::const_iterator contour_it = msers.begin();
    Rect r(0, 0, image.cols, image.rows);
    for( ; contour_it != msers.end(); ++contour_it )
    {
        // TODO check transformation from MSER region to KeyPoint
        RotatedRect rect = fitEllipse(Mat(*contour_it));
        float diam = std::sqrt(rect.size.height*rect.size.width);

        if( diam > std::numeric_limits<float>::epsilon() && r.contains(rect.center) )
            keypoints.push_back( KeyPoint(rect.center, diam) );
    }

}

}