---
short-description: Setting up cross-compilation
...

# Cross compilation

Meson has full support for cross compilation. Since cross compiling is
more complicated than native building, let's first go over some
nomenclature. The three most important definitions are traditionally
called *build*, *host* and *target*. This is confusing because those
terms are used for quite many different things. To simplify the issue,
we are going to call these the *build machine*, *host machine* and
*target machine*. Their definitions are the following:

* *build machine* is the computer that is doing the actual compiling.
* *host machine* is the machine on which the compiled binary will run.
* *target machine* is the machine on which the compiled binary's
  output will run, *only meaningful* if the program produces
  machine-specific output.

The `tl/dr` summary is the following: if you are doing regular cross
compilation, you only care about `build_machine` and
`host_machine`. Just ignore `target_machine` altogether and you will
be correct 99% of the time. Only compilers and similar tools care
about the target machine. In fact, for so-called "multi-target" tools
the target machine need not be fixed at build-time like the others but
chosen at runtime, so `target_machine` *still* doesn't matter. If your
needs are more complex or you are interested in the actual details, do
read on.

This might be easier to understand through examples. Let's start with
the regular, not cross-compiling case. In these cases all of these
three machines are the same. Simple so far.

Let's next look at the most common cross-compilation setup. Let's
suppose you are on a 64 bit OSX machine and you are cross compiling a
binary that will run on a 32 bit ARM Linux board. In this case your
*build machine* is 64 bit OSX and both your *host* and *target
machines* are 32 bit ARM Linux. This should be quite understandable as
well.

It gets a bit trickier when we think about how the cross compiler was
generated. It was built and it runs on a specific platform but the
output it generates is for a different platform. In this case *build*
and *host machines* are the same, but *target machine* is different.

The most complicated case is when you cross-compile a cross
compiler. As an example you can, on a Linux machine, generate a cross
compiler that runs on Windows but produces binaries on MIPS Linux. In
this case *build machine* is x86 Linux, *host machine* is x86 Windows
and *target machine* is MIPS Linux. This setup is known as the
[Canadian
Cross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_compiler#Canadian_Cross). As
a side note, be careful when reading cross compilation articles on
Wikipedia or the net in general. It is very common for them to get
build, host and target mixed up, even in consecutive sentences, which
can leave you puzzled until you figure it out.

A lot of confusion stems from the fact that when you cross-compile
something, the 3 systems (*build*, *host*, and *target*) used when
building the cross compiler don't align with the ones used when
building something with that newly-built cross compiler. To take our
Canadian Cross scenario from above (for full generality), since its
*host machine* is x86 Windows, the *build machine* of anything we
build with it is *x86 Windows*. And since its *target machine* is MIPS
Linux, the *host machine* of anything we build with it is *MIPS
Linux*. Only the *target machine* of whatever we build with it can be
freely chosen by us, say if we want to build another cross compiler
that runs on MIPS Linux and targets Aarch64 iOS. As this example
hopefully makes clear to you, the platforms are shifted over to the
left by one position.

If you did not understand all of the details, don't worry. For most
people it takes a while to wrap their head around these
concepts. Don't panic, it might take a while to click, but you will
get the hang of it eventually.

## Defining the environment

Meson requires you to write a cross build definition file. It defines
various properties of the cross build environment. The cross file
consists of different sections. The first one is the list of
executables that we are going to use. A sample snippet might look like
this:

```ini
[binaries]
c = '/usr/bin/i586-mingw32msvc-gcc'
cpp = '/usr/bin/i586-mingw32msvc-g++'
ld = 'gold'
ar = '/usr/i586-mingw32msvc/bin/ar'
strip = '/usr/i586-mingw32msvc/bin/strip'
pkgconfig = '/usr/bin/i586-mingw32msvc-pkg-config'
exe_wrapper = 'wine' # A command used to run generated executables.
```

The entries are pretty self explanatory but the last line is
special. It defines a *wrapper command* that can be used to run
executables for this host. In this case we can use Wine, which runs
Windows applications on Linux. Other choices include running the
application with qemu or a hardware simulator. If you have this kind
of a wrapper, these lines are all you need to write. Meson will
automatically use the given wrapper when it needs to run host
binaries. This happens e.g. when running the project's test suite.

ld is special because it is compiler specific. For compilers like gcc and
clang which are used to invoke the linker this is a value to pass to their
"choose the linker" argument (-fuse-ld= in this case). For compilers like
MSVC and Clang-Cl, this is the path to a linker for meson to invoke, such as
`link.exe` or `lld-link.exe`. Support for ls is *new in 0.53.0*

The next section lists properties of the cross compiler and its target
system, and thus properties of host system of what we're building. It
looks like this:

```ini
[properties]
sizeof_int = 4
sizeof_wchar_t = 4
sizeof_void* = 4

alignment_char = 1
alignment_void* = 4
alignment_double = 4

has_function_printf = true

c_args = ['-DCROSS=1', '-DSOMETHING=3']
c_link_args = ['-some_link_arg']
sys_root = '/some/path'
```

In most cases you don't need the size and alignment settings, Meson
will detect all these by compiling and running some sample
programs. If your build requires some piece of data that is not listed
here, Meson will stop and write an error message describing how to fix
the issue. If you need extra compiler arguments to be used during
cross compilation you can set them with `[langname]_args =
[args]`. Just remember to specify the args as an array and not as a
single string (i.e. not as `'-DCROSS=1 -DSOMETHING=3'`).

*Since 0.52.0* The `sys_root` property may point to the root of the host
system path (the system that will run the compiled binaries). This is used
internally by Meson to set the PKG_CONFIG_SYSROOT_DIR environment variable
for pkg-config. If this is unset the host system is assumed to share a root
with the build system.

One important thing to note, if you did not define an `exe_wrapper` in
the previous section, is that Meson will make a best-effort guess at
whether it can run the generated binaries on the build machine. It
determines whether this is possible by looking at the `system` and
`cpu_family` of build vs host. There will however be cases where they
do match up, but the build machine is actually not compatible with the
host machine. Typically this will happen if the libc used by the build
and host machines are incompatible, or the code relies on kernel
features not available on the build machine. One concrete example is a
macOS build machine producing binaries for an iOS Simulator x86-64
host. They're both `darwin` and the same architecture, but their
binaries are not actually compatible. In such cases you may use the
`needs_exe_wrapper` property to override the auto-detection:

```ini
[properties]
needs_exe_wrapper = true
```

The next bit is the definition of host and target machines. Every
cross build definition must have one or both of them. If it had
neither, the build would not be a cross build but a native build. You
do not need to define the build machine, as all necessary information
about it is extracted automatically. The definitions for host and
target machines look the same. Here is a sample for host machine.

```ini
[host_machine]
system = 'windows'
cpu_family = 'x86'
cpu = 'i686'
endian = 'little'
```

These values define the machines sufficiently for cross compilation
purposes. The corresponding target definition would look the same but
have `target_machine` in the header. These values are available in
your Meson scripts. There are three predefined variables called,
surprisingly, `build_machine`, `host_machine` and
`target_machine`. Determining the operating system of your host
machine is simply a matter of calling `host_machine.system()`.

There are two different values for the CPU. The first one is
`cpu_family`. It is a general type of the CPU. Common values might
include `x86`, `arm` or `x86_64`. The second value is `cpu` which is a
more specific subtype for the CPU. Typical values for a `x86` CPU
family might include `i386` or `i586` and for `arm` family `armv5` or
`armv7hl`. Note that CPU type strings are very system dependent. You
might get a different value if you check its value on the same machine
but with different operating systems.

If you do not define your host machine, it is assumed to be the build
machine. Similarly if you do not specify target machine, it is assumed
to be the host machine.

Additionally, you can define the paths that you want to install to in your
cross file. This may be especially useful when cross compiling an entire
operating system, or for operating systems to use internally for consistency.

```ini
[paths]
prefix = '/my/prefix'
libdir = 'lib/i386-linux-gnu'
bindir = 'bin'
```

This will be overwritten by any options passed on the command line.

Since meson 0.52.0 it is possible to layer cross files together. This
works like native file layering: the purpose is to compose cross files
together, and values from the second cross file will replace those
from the first.


## Starting a cross build


Once you have the cross file, starting a build is simple

```console
$ meson srcdir builddir --cross-file cross_file.txt
```

Once configuration is done, compilation is started by invoking Ninja
in the usual way.

## Introspection and system checks

The main *meson* object provides two functions to determine cross
compilation status.

```meson
meson.is_cross_build()  # returns true when cross compiling
meson.has_exe_wrapper() # returns true if an exe wrapper has been defined
```

Note that the latter gives undefined return value when doing a native
build.

You can run system checks on both the system compiler or the cross
compiler. You just have to specify which one to use.

```meson
build_compiler = meson.get_compiler('c', native : true)
host_compiler = meson.get_compiler('c', native : false)

build_int_size = build_compiler.sizeof('int')
host_int_size  = host_compiler.sizeof('int')
```

## Mixing host and build targets

Sometimes you need to build a tool which is used to generate source
files. These are then compiled for the actual target. For this you
would want to build some targets with the system's native
compiler. This requires only one extra keyword argument.

```meson
native_exe = executable('mygen', 'mygen.c', native : true)
```

You can then take `native_exe` and use it as part of a generator rule or anything else you might want.

## Using a custom standard library

Sometimes in cross compilation you need to build your own standard
library instead of using the one provided by the compiler. Meson has
built-in support for switching standard libraries transparently. The
invocation to use in your cross file is the following:

```ini
[properties]
c_stdlib = ['mylibc', 'mylibc_dep'] # Subproject name, dependency name
```

This specifies that C standard library is provided in the Meson
subproject `mylibc` in internal dependency variable `mylibc_dep`. It
is used on every cross built C target in the entire source tree
(including subprojects) and the standard library is disabled. The
build definitions of these targets do not need any modification.

## Changing cross file settings

Cross file settings are only read when the build directory is set up
the first time. Any changes to them after the fact will be
ignored. This is the same as regular compiles where you can't change
the compiler once a build tree has been set up. If you need to edit
your cross file, then you need to wipe your build tree and recreate it
from scratch.

## Custom data

You can store arbitrary data in `properties` and access them from your
Meson files. As an example if you cross file has this:

```ini
[properties]
somekey = 'somevalue'
```

then you can access that using the `meson` object like this:

```meson
myvar = meson.get_cross_property('somekey')
# myvar now has the value 'somevalue'
```

## Cross file locations

As of version 0.44.0 meson supports loading cross files from system locations
(except on Windows).  This will be $XDG_DATA_DIRS/meson/cross, or if
XDG_DATA_DIRS is undefined, then /usr/local/share/meson/cross and
/usr/share/meson/cross will be tried in that order, for system wide cross
files. User local files can be put in $XDG_DATA_HOME/meson/cross, or
~/.local/share/meson/cross if that is undefined.

The order of locations tried is as follows:
 - A file relative to the local dir
 - The user local location
 - The system wide locations in order

Distributions are encouraged to ship cross files either with
their cross compiler toolchain packages or as a standalone package, and put
them in one of the system paths referenced above.

These files can be loaded automatically without adding a path to the cross
file. For example, if a ~/.local/share/meson/cross contains a file called x86-linux,
then the following command would start a cross build using that cross files:

```sh
meson builddir/ --cross-file x86-linux
```