Getting started

Welcome to the developer documentation for gRPC, a language-neutral, platform-neutral remote procedure call (RPC) system developed at Google.

This document introduces you to gRPC with a quick overview and a simple Hello World example. More documentation is coming soon!

What's in this repository?

The grpc-common repository contains documentation, resources, and examples for all gRPC users. You can find examples and instructions specific to your favourite language in the relevant subdirectory.

You can find out about the gRPC source code repositories in grpc. Each repository provides instructions for building the appropriate libraries for your language.

What is gRPC?

In gRPC a client application can directly call methods on a server application on a different machine as if it was a local object, making it easier for you to create distributed applications and services. As in many RPC systems, gRPC is based around the idea of defining a service, specifying the methods that can be called remotely with their parameters and return types. On the server side, the server implements this interface and runs a gRPC server to handle client calls. On the client side, the client has a stub that provides exactly the same methods as the server.

##TODO: diagram?

gRPC clients and servers can run and talk to each other in a variety of environments - from servers inside Google to your own desktop - and can be written in any of gRPC's [supported languages](link to list). So, for example, you can easily create a gRPC server in Java with clients in Go, Python, or Ruby. In addition, the latest Google APIs will have gRPC versions of their interfaces, letting you easily build Google functionality into your applications.

Working with protocol buffers

By default gRPC uses protocol buffers, Google’s mature open source mechanism for serializing structured data (although it can be used with other data formats such as JSON). As you'll see in our example below, you define gRPC services using proto files, with method parameters and return types specified as protocol buffer message types. You can find out lots more about protocol buffers in the Protocol Buffers documentation.

Protocol buffer versions

While protocol buffers have been available for open source users for some time, our examples use a new flavour of protocol buffers called proto3, which has a slightly simplified syntax, some useful new features, and supports lots more languages. This is currently available as an alpha release in Java, C++ from the protocol buffers Github repo, as well as a Go language generator wherever that is, with more languages in development. Full documentation for proto3 is currently in development but you can see the major differences from the current default version in the release notes.

In general, we recommend that you use proto3 with gRPC as it lets you use the full range of gRPC-supported languages, as well as avoiding compatibility issues with proto2 clients talking to proto3 servers and vice versa. You can find out more about these potential issues in [where should we put this info? It's important but not really part of an overview]. If you need to continue using proto2 for Java, C++, or Python but want to try gRPC, you can see an example using a proto2 gRPC client and server [wherever we put it].

Hello gRPC!

Now that you know a bit more about gRPC, the easiest way to see how it works is to look at a simple example. Our Hello World walks you through the construction of a simple gRPC client-server application, showing you how to:

• Create a protocol buffers schema that defines a simple RPC service with a single Hello World method.
• Create a Java server that implements this interface.
• Create a Java client that accesses the Java server.
• Create a Go client that accesses the same Java server.
• Update the service with a streaming RPC.

The complete code for the example is available in the grpc-common GitHub repository. We use the Git versioning system for source code management: however, you don't need to know anything about Git to follow along other than how to install and run a few git commands.

This is an introductory example rather than a comprehensive tutorial, so don't worry if you're not a Go or Java developer - the concepts are similar for all languages, and you can find more implementations of our Hello World example in other languages in the language-specific folders in this repository. Complete tutorials and reference documentation for all gRPC languages are coming soon.

Setup

This section explains how to set up your local machine to work with the example code. If you just want to read the example, you can go straight to the next step.

Install Git

You can download and install Git from http://git-scm.com/download. Once installed you should have access to the git command line tool. The main commands that you will need to use are:

• git clone ... : clone a remote repository onto your local machine
• git checkout ... : check out a particular branch or a tagged version of the code to hack on

Get the source code

The example code for this and our other examples lives in the grpc-common GitHub repository. Clone this repository to your local machine by running the following command:

git clone https://github.com/google/grpc-common.git

Change your current directory to grpc-common/java

cd grpc-common/java

Install Java 8

Java gRPC is designed to work with both Java 7 and Java 8 - our example uses Java 8. See Install Java 8 for instructions if you need to install Java 8.

Install Maven

To simplify building and managing gRPC's dependencies, the Java client and server are structured as a standard Maven project. See Install Maven for instructions.

Install Go 1.4

Go gRPC requires Go 1.4, the latest version of Go. See Install Go for instructions.

(optional) Install protoc

gRPC uses the latest version of the protocol buffer compiler, protoc.

Having protoc installed isn't strictly necessary to follow along with this example, as all the generated code is checked into the Git repository. However, if you want to experiment with generating the code yourself, download and install protoc from its Git repo

Defining a service

The first step in creating our example is to define a service: an RPC service specifies the methods that can be called remotely with their parameters and return types. As you saw in the overview above, gRPC does this using protocol buffers. We use the protocol buffers interface definition language (IDL) to define our service methods, and define the parameters and return types as protocol buffer message types. Both the client and the server use interface code generated from the service definition.

Here's our example service definition, defined using protocol buffers IDL in helloworld.proto. The Greeting service has one method, hello, that lets the server receive a single HelloRequest message from the remote client containing the user's name, then send back a greeting in a single HelloReply. This is the simplest type of RPC you can specify in gRPC - we'll look at some other types later in this document.

syntax = "proto3";

option java_package = "ex.grpc";

package helloworld;

// The greeting service definition.
service Greeter {
  // Sends a greeting
  rpc SayHello (HelloRequest) returns (HelloReply) {}
}

// The request message containing the user's name.
message HelloRequest {
  string name = 1;
}

// The response message containing the greetings
message HelloReply {
  string message = 1;
}

Generating gRPC code

Once we've defined our service, we use the protocol buffer compiler protoc to generate the special client and server code we need to create our application - right now we're going to generate Java code, though you can generate gRPC code in any gRPC-supported language (as you'll see later in this example). The generated code contains both stub code for clients to use and an abstract interface for servers to implement, both with the method defined in our Greeting service.

(If you didn't install protoc on your system and are working along with the example, you can skip this step and move onto the next one where we examine the generated code.)

As this is our first time using gRPC, we need to build the protobuf plugin that generates our RPC classes. By default protoc just generates code for reading and writing protocol buffers, so you need to use plugins to add additional features to generated code. As we're creating Java code, we use the gRPC Java plugin.

To build the plugin, follow the instructions in the relevant repo: for Java, the instructions are in grpc-java.

To use it to generate the code:

$ mkdir -p src/main/java
$ protoc -I . helloworld.proto
--plugin=protoc-gen-grpc=external/grpc_java/bins/opt/java_plugin \
                               --grpc_out=src/main/java \
                               --java_out=src/main/java

[need to update this once I get the plugin built]

This generates the following classes, which contain all the generated code we need to create our example:

• Helloworld.java, which has all the protocol buffer code to populate, serialize, and retrieve our HelloRequest and HelloReply message types

• GreeterGrpc.java, which contains (along with some other useful code):

  • an interface for Greeter servers to implement

  public static interface Greeter {
  
  public void SayHello(ex.grpc.Helloworld.HelloRequest request,
      com.google.net.stubby.stub.StreamObserver<ex.grpc.Helloworld.HelloReply>
      responseObserver);
  }
  

  • stub classes that clients can use to talk to a Greeter server. As you can see, they also implement the Greeter interface.

public static class GreeterStub extends com.google.net.stubby.stub.AbstractStub<GreeterStub, GreeterServiceDescriptor> implements Greeter { ... }

<a name="server"></a>
### Writing a server

Now let's write some code! First we'll create a server application to implement
our service. Note that we're not going to go into a lot of detail about how
to create a server in this section. More detailed information will be in the
tutorial for your chosen language (coming soon).

Our server application has two classes:

- a simple service implementation
[GreeterImpl.java](java/src/main/java/ex/grpc/GreeterImpl.java).

- a server that hosts the service implementation and allows access over the
network: [GreeterServer.java](java/src/main/java/ex/grpc/GreeterServer.java).

#### Service implementation

[GreeterImpl.java](java/src/main/java/ex/grpc/GreeterImpl.java)
actually implements our GreetingService's required behaviour.

As you can see, the class `GreeterImpl` implements the interface
`GreeterGrpc.Greeter` that we [generated](#generating) from our proto
[IDL](java/src/main/proto/helloworld.proto) by implementing the method `hello`:

```java
public void hello(Helloworld.HelloRequest req,
    StreamObserver<Helloworld.HelloReply> responseObserver) {
  Helloworld.HelloReply reply =
  Helloworld.HelloReply.newBuilder().setMessage(
      "Hello " + req.getName()).build();
  responseObserver.onValue(reply);
  responseObserver.onCompleted();
}

• hello takes two parameters: -Helloworld.HelloRequest: the request -StreamObserver<Helloworld.HelloReply>: a response observer, which is a special interface for the server to call with its response

To return our response to the client and complete the call:

1. We construct and populate a HelloReply response object with our exciting message, as specified in our interface definition.
2. We use theresponseObserver to return the HelloReply to the client and then specify that we've finished dealing with the RPC

Server implementation

GreeterServer.java shows the other main feature required to provide a gRPC service; making the service implementation available from the network.

  private ServerImpl server;
  ...
  private void start() throws Exception {
    server = NettyServerBuilder.forPort(port)
             .addService(GreeterGrpc.bindService(new GreeterImpl()))
             .build();
    server.startAsync();
    server.awaitRunning(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
  }

Here we create an appropriate gRPC server, binding the GreeterService implementation that we created to a port. Then we start the server running: the server is now ready to receive requests from Greeter service clients on our specified port. We'll cover how all this works in a bit more detail in our language-specific documentation.

Build it

Once we've implemented everything, we use Maven to build the server:

$ mvn package

We'll look at using a client to access the server in the next section.

Writing a client

Client-side gRPC is pretty simple. In this step, we'll use the generated code to write a simple client that can access the Greeter server we created in the previous section. You can see the complete client code in GreeterClient.java.

Again, we're not going to go into much detail about how to implement a client; we'll leave that for the tutorial.

Connecting to the service

First let's look at how we connect to the Greetings server. First we need to create a gRPC channel, specifying the hostname and port of the server we want to connect to. Then we use the channel to construct the stub instance.

  private final ChannelImpl channel;
  private final GreeterGrpc.GreeterBlockingStub blockingStub;

  public HelloClient(String host, int port) {
    channel = NettyChannelBuilder.forAddress(host, port)
              .negotiationType(NegotiationType.PLAINTEXT)
              .build();
    blockingStub = GreeterGrpc.newBlockingStub(channel);
  }

In this case, we create a blocking stub. This means that the RPC call waits for the server to respond, and will either return a response or raise an exception. gRPC Java has other kinds of stubs that make non-blocking calls to the server, where the response is returned asynchronously.

Calling an RPC

Now we can contact the service and obtain a greeting:

1. We construct and fill in a HelloRequest to send to the service.
2. We call the stub's hello() RPC with our request and get a HelloReply back, from which we can get our greeting.

  public void greet(String name) {
    logger.debug("Will try to greet " + name + " ...");
    try {
      Helloworld.HelloRequest request =
      Helloworld.HelloRequest.newBuilder().setName(name).build();
      Helloworld.HelloReply reply = blockingStub.SayHello(request);
      logger.info("Greeting: " + reply.getMessage());
    } catch (RuntimeException e) {
      logger.log(Level.WARNING, "RPC failed", e);
      return;
    }
  }

Build the client

This is the same as building the server: our client and server are part of the same maven package so the same command builds both.

$ mvn package

Try it out!

We've added simple shell scripts to simplifying running the examples. Now that they are built, you can run the server with:

$ ./run_greeter_server.sh

and in another terminal window confirm that it receives a message.

$ ./run_greeter_client.sh

Adding another client

Finally, let's look at one of gRPC's most useful features - interoperability between code in different languages. So far, we've just looked at Java code generated from and implementing our Greeter service definition. However, as you'll see if you look at the language-specific subdirectories in this repository, we've also generated and implemented Greeter in some of gRPC's other supported languages. Each service and client uses interface code generated from exactly the same .proto that we used for the Java example.

So, for example, if we visit the go directory and look at the greeter_client, we can see that like the Java client, it connects to a Greeter service at localhost:50051 and uses a stub to call the SayHello method with a HelloRequest:

const (
	address = "localhost:50051"
	defaultName = "world"
)

func main() {
	// Set up a connection to the server.
	conn, err := grpc.Dial(address)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("did not connect: %v", err)
	}
	defer conn.Close()
	c := pb.NewGreeterClient(conn)

	// Contact the server and print out its response.
	name := defaultName
	if len(os.Args) > 1 {
		name = os.Args[1]
	}
	r, err := c.SayHello(context.Background(), &pb.HelloRequest{Name:
	name})
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("could not greet: %v", err)
	}
	log.Printf("Greeting: %s", r.Message)
}

If we run the Java server from earlier in another terminal window, we can run the Go client and connect to it just like the Java client, even though it's written in a different language.

$ greeter_client