mirror of https://github.com/grpc/grpc.git
Jan Tattermusch
7 years ago
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# gRPC Concepts Overview |
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|
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Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs) provide a useful abstraction for building |
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distributed applications and services. The libraries in this repository |
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provide a concrete implementation of the gRPC protocol, layered over HTTP/2. |
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These libraries enable communication between clients and servers using any |
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combination of the supported languages. |
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|
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|
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## Interface |
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|
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Developers using gRPC start with the description of an RPC service (a collection |
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of methods), and generate client and server side interfaces. The server implements |
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the service interface, which can be remotely invoked by the client interface. |
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|
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By default, gRPC uses [Protocol Buffers](https://github.com/google/protobuf) as the |
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Interface Definition Language (IDL) for describing both the service interface |
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and the structure of the payload messages. It is possible to use other |
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alternatives if desired. |
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|
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### Invoking & handling remote calls |
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Starting from an interface definition in a .proto file, gRPC provides |
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Protocol Compiler plugins that generate Client- and Server-side APIs. |
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gRPC users call into these APIs on the Client side and implement |
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the corresponding API on the server side. |
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|
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#### Synchronous vs. asynchronous |
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Synchronous RPC calls, that block until a response arrives from the server, are |
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the closest approximation to the abstraction of a procedure call that RPC |
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aspires to. |
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|
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On the other hand, networks are inherently asynchronous and in many scenarios, |
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it is desirable to have the ability to start RPCs without blocking the current |
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thread. |
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|
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The gRPC programming surface in most languages comes in both synchronous and |
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asynchronous flavors. |
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|
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|
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## Streaming |
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|
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gRPC supports streaming semantics, where either the client or the server (or both) |
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send a stream of messages on a single RPC call. The most general case is |
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Bidirectional Streaming where a single gRPC call establishes a stream where both |
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the client and the server can send a stream of messages to each other. The streamed |
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messages are delivered in the order they were sent. |
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|
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|
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# Protocol |
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|
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The [gRPC protocol](doc/PROTOCOL-HTTP2.md) specifies the abstract requirements for communication between |
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clients and servers. A concrete embedding over HTTP/2 completes the picture by |
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fleshing out the details of each of the required operations. |
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|
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## Abstract gRPC protocol |
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A gRPC call comprises of a bidirectional stream of messages, initiated by the client. In the client-to-server direction, this stream begins with a mandatory `Call Header`, followed by optional `Initial-Metadata`, followed by zero or more `Payload Messages`. The server-to-client direction contains an optional `Initial-Metadata`, followed by zero or more `Payload Messages` terminated with a mandatory `Status` and optional `Status-Metadata` (a.k.a.,`Trailing-Metadata`). |
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|
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## Implementation over HTTP/2 |
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The abstract protocol defined above is implemented over [HTTP/2](https://http2.github.io/). gRPC bidirectional streams are mapped to HTTP/2 streams. The contents of `Call Header` and `Initial Metadata` are sent as HTTP/2 headers and subject to HPACK compression. `Payload Messages` are serialized into a byte stream of length prefixed gRPC frames which are then fragmented into HTTP/2 frames at the sender and reassembled at the receiver. `Status` and `Trailing-Metadata` are sent as HTTP/2 trailing headers (a.k.a., trailers). |
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|
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## Flow Control |
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gRPC uses the flow control mechanism in HTTP/2. This enables fine-grained control of memory used for buffering in-flight messages. |
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@ -0,0 +1,488 @@ |
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# gRPC Basics: C++ |
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|
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This tutorial provides a basic C++ programmer's introduction to working with |
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gRPC. By walking through this example you'll learn how to: |
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|
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- Define a service in a `.proto` file. |
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- Generate server and client code using the protocol buffer compiler. |
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- Use the C++ gRPC API to write a simple client and server for your service. |
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|
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It assumes that you are familiar with |
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[protocol buffers](https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/overview). |
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Note that the example in this tutorial uses the proto3 version of the protocol |
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buffers language, which is currently in alpha release: you can find out more in |
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the [proto3 language guide](https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/proto3) |
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and see the [release notes](https://github.com/google/protobuf/releases) for the |
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new version in the protocol buffers Github repository. |
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|
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## Why use gRPC? |
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|
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Our example is a simple route mapping application that lets clients get |
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information about features on their route, create a summary of their route, and |
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exchange route information such as traffic updates with the server and other |
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clients. |
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|
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With gRPC we can define our service once in a `.proto` file and implement clients |
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and servers in any of gRPC's supported languages, which in turn can be run in |
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environments ranging from servers inside Google to your own tablet - all the |
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complexity of communication between different languages and environments is |
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handled for you by gRPC. We also get all the advantages of working with protocol |
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buffers, including efficient serialization, a simple IDL, and easy interface |
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updating. |
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|
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## Example code and setup |
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|
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The example code for our tutorial is in [examples/cpp/route_guide](route_guide). |
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You also should have the relevant tools installed to generate the server and |
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client interface code - if you don't already, follow the setup instructions in |
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[BUILDING.md](../../BUILDING.md). |
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|
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## Defining the service |
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|
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Our first step is to define the gRPC *service* and the method *request* and |
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*response* types using |
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[protocol buffers](https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/overview). |
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You can see the complete `.proto` file in |
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[`examples/protos/route_guide.proto`](../protos/route_guide.proto). |
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|
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To define a service, you specify a named `service` in your `.proto` file: |
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|
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```protobuf |
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service RouteGuide { |
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... |
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} |
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``` |
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|
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Then you define `rpc` methods inside your service definition, specifying their |
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request and response types. gRPC lets you define four kinds of service method, |
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all of which are used in the `RouteGuide` service: |
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|
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- A *simple RPC* where the client sends a request to the server using the stub |
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and waits for a response to come back, just like a normal function call. |
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|
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```protobuf |
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// Obtains the feature at a given position. |
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rpc GetFeature(Point) returns (Feature) {} |
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``` |
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- A *server-side streaming RPC* where the client sends a request to the server |
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and gets a stream to read a sequence of messages back. The client reads from |
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the returned stream until there are no more messages. As you can see in our |
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example, you specify a server-side streaming method by placing the `stream` |
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keyword before the *response* type. |
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|
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```protobuf |
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// Obtains the Features available within the given Rectangle. Results are |
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// streamed rather than returned at once (e.g. in a response message with a |
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// repeated field), as the rectangle may cover a large area and contain a |
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// huge number of features. |
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rpc ListFeatures(Rectangle) returns (stream Feature) {} |
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``` |
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- A *client-side streaming RPC* where the client writes a sequence of messages |
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and sends them to the server, again using a provided stream. Once the client |
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has finished writing the messages, it waits for the server to read them all |
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and return its response. You specify a client-side streaming method by placing |
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the `stream` keyword before the *request* type. |
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|
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```protobuf |
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// Accepts a stream of Points on a route being traversed, returning a |
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// RouteSummary when traversal is completed. |
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rpc RecordRoute(stream Point) returns (RouteSummary) {} |
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``` |
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- A *bidirectional streaming RPC* where both sides send a sequence of messages |
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using a read-write stream. The two streams operate independently, so clients |
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and servers can read and write in whatever order they like: for example, the |
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server could wait to receive all the client messages before writing its |
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responses, or it could alternately read a message then write a message, or |
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some other combination of reads and writes. The order of messages in each |
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stream is preserved. You specify this type of method by placing the `stream` |
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keyword before both the request and the response. |
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```protobuf |
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// Accepts a stream of RouteNotes sent while a route is being traversed, |
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// while receiving other RouteNotes (e.g. from other users). |
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rpc RouteChat(stream RouteNote) returns (stream RouteNote) {} |
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``` |
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|
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Our `.proto` file also contains protocol buffer message type definitions for all |
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the request and response types used in our service methods - for example, here's |
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the `Point` message type: |
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|
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```protobuf |
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// Points are represented as latitude-longitude pairs in the E7 representation |
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// (degrees multiplied by 10**7 and rounded to the nearest integer). |
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// Latitudes should be in the range +/- 90 degrees and longitude should be in |
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// the range +/- 180 degrees (inclusive). |
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message Point { |
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int32 latitude = 1; |
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int32 longitude = 2; |
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} |
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``` |
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|
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## Generating client and server code |
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Next we need to generate the gRPC client and server interfaces from our `.proto` |
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service definition. We do this using the protocol buffer compiler `protoc` with |
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a special gRPC C++ plugin. |
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For simplicity, we've provided a [Makefile](route_guide/Makefile) that runs |
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`protoc` for you with the appropriate plugin, input, and output (if you want to |
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run this yourself, make sure you've installed protoc and followed the gRPC code |
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[installation instructions](../../BUILDING.md) first): |
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```shell |
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$ make route_guide.grpc.pb.cc route_guide.pb.cc |
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``` |
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which actually runs: |
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```shell |
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$ protoc -I ../../protos --grpc_out=. --plugin=protoc-gen-grpc=`which grpc_cpp_plugin` ../../protos/route_guide.proto |
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$ protoc -I ../../protos --cpp_out=. ../../protos/route_guide.proto |
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``` |
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Running this command generates the following files in your current directory: |
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- `route_guide.pb.h`, the header which declares your generated message classes |
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- `route_guide.pb.cc`, which contains the implementation of your message classes |
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- `route_guide.grpc.pb.h`, the header which declares your generated service |
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classes |
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- `route_guide.grpc.pb.cc`, which contains the implementation of your service |
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classes |
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These contain: |
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- All the protocol buffer code to populate, serialize, and retrieve our request |
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and response message types |
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- A class called `RouteGuide` that contains |
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- a remote interface type (or *stub*) for clients to call with the methods |
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defined in the `RouteGuide` service. |
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- two abstract interfaces for servers to implement, also with the methods |
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defined in the `RouteGuide` service. |
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<a name="server"></a> |
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## Creating the server |
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First let's look at how we create a `RouteGuide` server. If you're only |
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interested in creating gRPC clients, you can skip this section and go straight |
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to [Creating the client](#client) (though you might find it interesting |
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anyway!). |
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|
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There are two parts to making our `RouteGuide` service do its job: |
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- Implementing the service interface generated from our service definition: |
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doing the actual "work" of our service. |
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- Running a gRPC server to listen for requests from clients and return the |
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service responses. |
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You can find our example `RouteGuide` server in |
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[route_guide/route_guide_server.cc](route_guide/route_guide_server.cc). Let's |
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take a closer look at how it works. |
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### Implementing RouteGuide |
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As you can see, our server has a `RouteGuideImpl` class that implements the |
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generated `RouteGuide::Service` interface: |
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```cpp |
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class RouteGuideImpl final : public RouteGuide::Service { |
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... |
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} |
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``` |
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In this case we're implementing the *synchronous* version of `RouteGuide`, which |
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provides our default gRPC server behaviour. It's also possible to implement an |
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asynchronous interface, `RouteGuide::AsyncService`, which allows you to further |
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customize your server's threading behaviour, though we won't look at this in |
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this tutorial. |
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|
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`RouteGuideImpl` implements all our service methods. Let's look at the simplest |
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type first, `GetFeature`, which just gets a `Point` from the client and returns |
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the corresponding feature information from its database in a `Feature`. |
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|
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```cpp |
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Status GetFeature(ServerContext* context, const Point* point, |
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Feature* feature) override { |
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feature->set_name(GetFeatureName(*point, feature_list_)); |
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feature->mutable_location()->CopyFrom(*point); |
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return Status::OK; |
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} |
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``` |
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The method is passed a context object for the RPC, the client's `Point` protocol |
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buffer request, and a `Feature` protocol buffer to fill in with the response |
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information. In the method we populate the `Feature` with the appropriate |
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information, and then `return` with an `OK` status to tell gRPC that we've |
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finished dealing with the RPC and that the `Feature` can be returned to the |
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client. |
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|
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Now let's look at something a bit more complicated - a streaming RPC. |
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`ListFeatures` is a server-side streaming RPC, so we need to send back multiple |
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`Feature`s to our client. |
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|
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```cpp |
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Status ListFeatures(ServerContext* context, const Rectangle* rectangle, |
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ServerWriter<Feature>* writer) override { |
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auto lo = rectangle->lo(); |
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auto hi = rectangle->hi(); |
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long left = std::min(lo.longitude(), hi.longitude()); |
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long right = std::max(lo.longitude(), hi.longitude()); |
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long top = std::max(lo.latitude(), hi.latitude()); |
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long bottom = std::min(lo.latitude(), hi.latitude()); |
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for (const Feature& f : feature_list_) { |
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if (f.location().longitude() >= left && |
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f.location().longitude() <= right && |
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f.location().latitude() >= bottom && |
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f.location().latitude() <= top) { |
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writer->Write(f); |
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} |
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} |
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return Status::OK; |
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} |
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``` |
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|
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As you can see, instead of getting simple request and response objects in our |
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method parameters, this time we get a request object (the `Rectangle` in which |
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our client wants to find `Feature`s) and a special `ServerWriter` object. In the |
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method, we populate as many `Feature` objects as we need to return, writing them |
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to the `ServerWriter` using its `Write()` method. Finally, as in our simple RPC, |
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we `return Status::OK` to tell gRPC that we've finished writing responses. |
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|
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If you look at the client-side streaming method `RecordRoute` you'll see it's |
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quite similar, except this time we get a `ServerReader` instead of a request |
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object and a single response. We use the `ServerReader`s `Read()` method to |
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repeatedly read in our client's requests to a request object (in this case a |
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`Point`) until there are no more messages: the server needs to check the return |
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value of `Read()` after each call. If `true`, the stream is still good and it |
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can continue reading; if `false` the message stream has ended. |
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```cpp |
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while (stream->Read(&point)) { |
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...//process client input |
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} |
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``` |
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Finally, let's look at our bidirectional streaming RPC `RouteChat()`. |
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```cpp |
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Status RouteChat(ServerContext* context, |
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ServerReaderWriter<RouteNote, RouteNote>* stream) override { |
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std::vector<RouteNote> received_notes; |
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RouteNote note; |
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while (stream->Read(¬e)) { |
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for (const RouteNote& n : received_notes) { |
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if (n.location().latitude() == note.location().latitude() && |
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n.location().longitude() == note.location().longitude()) { |
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stream->Write(n); |
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} |
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} |
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received_notes.push_back(note); |
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} |
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|
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return Status::OK; |
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} |
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``` |
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This time we get a `ServerReaderWriter` that can be used to read *and* write |
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messages. The syntax for reading and writing here is exactly the same as for our |
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client-streaming and server-streaming methods. Although each side will always |
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get the other's messages in the order they were written, both the client and |
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server can read and write in any order — the streams operate completely |
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independently. |
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|
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### Starting the server |
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|
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Once we've implemented all our methods, we also need to start up a gRPC server |
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so that clients can actually use our service. The following snippet shows how we |
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do this for our `RouteGuide` service: |
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```cpp |
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void RunServer(const std::string& db_path) { |
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std::string server_address("0.0.0.0:50051"); |
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RouteGuideImpl service(db_path); |
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|
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ServerBuilder builder; |
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builder.AddListeningPort(server_address, grpc::InsecureServerCredentials()); |
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builder.RegisterService(&service); |
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std::unique_ptr<Server> server(builder.BuildAndStart()); |
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std::cout << "Server listening on " << server_address << std::endl; |
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server->Wait(); |
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} |
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``` |
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As you can see, we build and start our server using a `ServerBuilder`. To do this, we: |
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|
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1. Create an instance of our service implementation class `RouteGuideImpl`. |
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1. Create an instance of the factory `ServerBuilder` class. |
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1. Specify the address and port we want to use to listen for client requests |
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using the builder's `AddListeningPort()` method. |
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1. Register our service implementation with the builder. |
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1. Call `BuildAndStart()` on the builder to create and start an RPC server for |
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our service. |
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1. Call `Wait()` on the server to do a blocking wait until process is killed or |
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`Shutdown()` is called. |
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<a name="client"></a> |
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## Creating the client |
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|
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In this section, we'll look at creating a C++ client for our `RouteGuide` |
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service. You can see our complete example client code in |
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[route_guide/route_guide_client.cc](route_guide/route_guide_client.cc). |
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|
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### Creating a stub |
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|
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To call service methods, we first need to create a *stub*. |
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|
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First we need to create a gRPC *channel* for our stub, specifying the server |
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address and port we want to connect to without SSL: |
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|
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```cpp |
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grpc::CreateChannel("localhost:50051", grpc::InsecureChannelCredentials()); |
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``` |
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|
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Now we can use the channel to create our stub using the `NewStub` method |
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provided in the `RouteGuide` class we generated from our `.proto`. |
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|
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```cpp |
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public: |
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RouteGuideClient(std::shared_ptr<Channel> channel, const std::string& db) |
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: stub_(RouteGuide::NewStub(channel)) { |
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... |
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} |
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``` |
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|
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### Calling service methods |
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|
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Now let's look at how we call our service methods. Note that in this tutorial |
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we're calling the *blocking/synchronous* versions of each method: this means |
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that the RPC call waits for the server to respond, and will either return a |
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response or raise an exception. |
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|
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#### Simple RPC |
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|
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Calling the simple RPC `GetFeature` is nearly as straightforward as calling a |
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local method. |
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|
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```cpp |
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Point point; |
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Feature feature; |
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point = MakePoint(409146138, -746188906); |
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GetOneFeature(point, &feature); |
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|
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... |
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|
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bool GetOneFeature(const Point& point, Feature* feature) { |
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ClientContext context; |
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Status status = stub_->GetFeature(&context, point, feature); |
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... |
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} |
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``` |
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|
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As you can see, we create and populate a request protocol buffer object (in our |
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case `Point`), and create a response protocol buffer object for the server to |
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fill in. We also create a `ClientContext` object for our call - you can |
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optionally set RPC configuration values on this object, such as deadlines, |
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though for now we'll use the default settings. Note that you cannot reuse this |
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object between calls. Finally, we call the method on the stub, passing it the |
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context, request, and response. If the method returns `OK`, then we can read the |
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response information from the server from our response object. |
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|
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```cpp |
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std::cout << "Found feature called " << feature->name() << " at " |
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<< feature->location().latitude()/kCoordFactor_ << ", " |
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<< feature->location().longitude()/kCoordFactor_ << std::endl; |
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``` |
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|
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#### Streaming RPCs |
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|
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Now let's look at our streaming methods. If you've already read [Creating the |
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server](#server) some of this may look very familiar - streaming RPCs are |
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implemented in a similar way on both sides. Here's where we call the server-side |
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streaming method `ListFeatures`, which returns a stream of geographical |
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`Feature`s: |
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|
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```cpp |
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std::unique_ptr<ClientReader<Feature> > reader( |
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stub_->ListFeatures(&context, rect)); |
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while (reader->Read(&feature)) { |
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std::cout << "Found feature called " |
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<< feature.name() << " at " |
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<< feature.location().latitude()/kCoordFactor_ << ", " |
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<< feature.location().longitude()/kCoordFactor_ << std::endl; |
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} |
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Status status = reader->Finish(); |
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``` |
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|
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Instead of passing the method a context, request, and response, we pass it a |
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context and request and get a `ClientReader` object back. The client can use the |
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`ClientReader` to read the server's responses. We use the `ClientReader`s |
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`Read()` method to repeatedly read in the server's responses to a response |
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protocol buffer object (in this case a `Feature`) until there are no more |
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messages: the client needs to check the return value of `Read()` after each |
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call. If `true`, the stream is still good and it can continue reading; if |
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`false` the message stream has ended. Finally, we call `Finish()` on the stream |
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to complete the call and get our RPC status. |
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|
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The client-side streaming method `RecordRoute` is similar, except there we pass |
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the method a context and response object and get back a `ClientWriter`. |
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|
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```cpp |
||||
std::unique_ptr<ClientWriter<Point> > writer( |
||||
stub_->RecordRoute(&context, &stats)); |
||||
for (int i = 0; i < kPoints; i++) { |
||||
const Feature& f = feature_list_[feature_distribution(generator)]; |
||||
std::cout << "Visiting point " |
||||
<< f.location().latitude()/kCoordFactor_ << ", " |
||||
<< f.location().longitude()/kCoordFactor_ << std::endl; |
||||
if (!writer->Write(f.location())) { |
||||
// Broken stream. |
||||
break; |
||||
} |
||||
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds( |
||||
delay_distribution(generator))); |
||||
} |
||||
writer->WritesDone(); |
||||
Status status = writer->Finish(); |
||||
if (status.IsOk()) { |
||||
std::cout << "Finished trip with " << stats.point_count() << " points\n" |
||||
<< "Passed " << stats.feature_count() << " features\n" |
||||
<< "Travelled " << stats.distance() << " meters\n" |
||||
<< "It took " << stats.elapsed_time() << " seconds" |
||||
<< std::endl; |
||||
} else { |
||||
std::cout << "RecordRoute rpc failed." << std::endl; |
||||
} |
||||
``` |
||||
|
||||
Once we've finished writing our client's requests to the stream using `Write()`, |
||||
we need to call `WritesDone()` on the stream to let gRPC know that we've |
||||
finished writing, then `Finish()` to complete the call and get our RPC status. |
||||
If the status is `OK`, our response object that we initially passed to |
||||
`RecordRoute()` will be populated with the server's response. |
||||
|
||||
Finally, let's look at our bidirectional streaming RPC `RouteChat()`. In this |
||||
case, we just pass a context to the method and get back a `ClientReaderWriter`, |
||||
which we can use to both write and read messages. |
||||
|
||||
```cpp |
||||
std::shared_ptr<ClientReaderWriter<RouteNote, RouteNote> > stream( |
||||
stub_->RouteChat(&context)); |
||||
``` |
||||
|
||||
The syntax for reading and writing here is exactly the same as for our |
||||
client-streaming and server-streaming methods. Although each side will always |
||||
get the other's messages in the order they were written, both the client and |
||||
server can read and write in any order — the streams operate completely |
||||
independently. |
||||
|
||||
## Try it out! |
||||
|
||||
Build client and server: |
||||
```shell |
||||
$ make |
||||
``` |
||||
Run the server, which will listen on port 50051: |
||||
```shell |
||||
$ ./route_guide_server |
||||
``` |
||||
Run the client (in a different terminal): |
||||
```shell |
||||
$ ./route_guide_client |
||||
``` |
||||
@ -1,12 +0,0 @@ |
||||
Debug |
||||
Debug-DLL |
||||
Release |
||||
Release-DLL |
||||
*.suo |
||||
*.user |
||||
test_bin |
||||
*.opensdf |
||||
*.sdf |
||||
third_party/*.user |
||||
/packages |
||||
/IntDir |
||||
@ -1,11 +0,0 @@ |
||||
# Pre-generated MS Visual Studio project & solution files: DELETED |
||||
|
||||
**The pre-generated MS Visual Studio project & solution files are no longer available, please use cmake instead (it can generate Visual Studio projects for you).** |
||||
|
||||
**Pre-generated MS Visual Studio projects used to be the recommended way to build on Windows, but there were some limitations:** |
||||
- **hard to build dependencies, expecially boringssl (deps usually support cmake quite well)** |
||||
- **the nuget-based openssl & zlib dependencies are hard to maintain and update. We've received issues indicating that they are flawed.** |
||||
- **.proto codegen is hard to support in Visual Studio directly (but we have a pretty decent support in cmake)** |
||||
- **It's a LOT of generated files. We prefer not to have too much generated code in our github repo.** |
||||
|
||||
See [INSTALL.md](/INSTALL.md) for detailed instructions how to build using cmake on Windows. |
||||
Loading…
Reference in new issue