diff --git a/BUILD b/BUILD
index b93d89d0892..8fa1d326cf1 100644
--- a/BUILD
+++ b/BUILD
@@ -1493,13 +1493,13 @@ grpc_cc_library(
         "absl/functional:function_ref",
         "absl/hash",
         "absl/meta:type_traits",
+        "absl/random",
         "absl/status",
         "absl/status:statusor",
         "absl/strings",
         "absl/strings:str_format",
         "absl/time",
         "absl/types:optional",
-        "absl/types:variant",
         "absl/utility",
         "madler_zlib",
     ],
@@ -1578,7 +1578,6 @@ grpc_cc_library(
         "//src/core:latch",
         "//src/core:loop",
         "//src/core:map",
-        "//src/core:match",
         "//src/core:memory_quota",
         "//src/core:metadata_compression_traits",
         "//src/core:no_destruct",
@@ -1590,6 +1589,7 @@ grpc_cc_library(
         "//src/core:posix_event_engine_base_hdrs",
         "//src/core:promise_status",
         "//src/core:race",
+        "//src/core:random_early_detection",
         "//src/core:ref_counted",
         "//src/core:ref_counted_string",
         "//src/core:resolved_address",
diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 278adc9fb98..9e07ad89bba 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -4874,6 +4874,7 @@ add_library(grpc_authorization_provider
   src/core/lib/address_utils/parse_address.cc
   src/core/lib/address_utils/sockaddr_utils.cc
   src/core/lib/backoff/backoff.cc
+  src/core/lib/backoff/random_early_detection.cc
   src/core/lib/channel/call_tracer.cc
   src/core/lib/channel/channel_args.cc
   src/core/lib/channel/channel_args_preconditioning.cc
@@ -5176,6 +5177,8 @@ target_link_libraries(grpc_authorization_provider
   absl::function_ref
   absl::hash
   absl::type_traits
+  absl::random_bit_gen_ref
+  absl::random_distributions
   absl::statusor
   absl::span
   absl::utility
diff --git a/build_autogenerated.yaml b/build_autogenerated.yaml
index deba1f3005f..b637abfddd2 100644
--- a/build_autogenerated.yaml
+++ b/build_autogenerated.yaml
@@ -4124,6 +4124,7 @@ libs:
   - src/core/lib/address_utils/sockaddr_utils.h
   - src/core/lib/avl/avl.h
   - src/core/lib/backoff/backoff.h
+  - src/core/lib/backoff/random_early_detection.h
   - src/core/lib/channel/call_finalization.h
   - src/core/lib/channel/call_tracer.h
   - src/core/lib/channel/channel_args.h
@@ -4444,6 +4445,7 @@ libs:
   - src/core/lib/address_utils/parse_address.cc
   - src/core/lib/address_utils/sockaddr_utils.cc
   - src/core/lib/backoff/backoff.cc
+  - src/core/lib/backoff/random_early_detection.cc
   - src/core/lib/channel/call_tracer.cc
   - src/core/lib/channel/channel_args.cc
   - src/core/lib/channel/channel_args_preconditioning.cc
@@ -4711,6 +4713,8 @@ libs:
   - absl/functional:function_ref
   - absl/hash:hash
   - absl/meta:type_traits
+  - absl/random:bit_gen_ref
+  - absl/random:distributions
   - absl/status:statusor
   - absl/types:span
   - absl/utility:utility
diff --git a/grpc.gyp b/grpc.gyp
index 1eb5a1f7cca..9d76638ef4b 100644
--- a/grpc.gyp
+++ b/grpc.gyp
@@ -1976,6 +1976,8 @@
         'absl/functional:function_ref',
         'absl/hash:hash',
         'absl/meta:type_traits',
+        'absl/random:bit_gen_ref',
+        'absl/random:distributions',
         'absl/status:statusor',
         'absl/types:span',
         'absl/utility:utility',
@@ -1992,6 +1994,7 @@
         'src/core/lib/address_utils/parse_address.cc',
         'src/core/lib/address_utils/sockaddr_utils.cc',
         'src/core/lib/backoff/backoff.cc',
+        'src/core/lib/backoff/random_early_detection.cc',
         'src/core/lib/channel/call_tracer.cc',
         'src/core/lib/channel/channel_args.cc',
         'src/core/lib/channel/channel_args_preconditioning.cc',
diff --git a/src/core/lib/experiments/experiments.cc b/src/core/lib/experiments/experiments.cc
index 0a7a70fe7d1..97d72147923 100644
--- a/src/core/lib/experiments/experiments.cc
+++ b/src/core/lib/experiments/experiments.cc
@@ -95,6 +95,14 @@ const char* const description_peer_state_based_framing =
     "on the peer's memory pressure which is reflected in its max http2 frame "
     "size.";
 const char* const additional_constraints_peer_state_based_framing = "{}";
+const char* const description_pending_queue_cap =
+    "In the sync & async apis (but not the callback api), cap the number of "
+    "received but unrequested requests in the server for each call type. A "
+    "received message is one that was read from the wire on the server. A "
+    "requested message is one explicitly requested by the application using "
+    "grpc_server_request_call or grpc_server_request_registered_call (or their "
+    "wrappers in the C++ API).";
+const char* const additional_constraints_pending_queue_cap = "{}";
 const char* const description_pick_first_happy_eyeballs =
     "Use Happy Eyeballs in pick_first.";
 const char* const additional_constraints_pick_first_happy_eyeballs = "{}";
@@ -248,6 +256,8 @@ const ExperimentMetadata g_experiment_metadata[] = {
      additional_constraints_overload_protection, true, true},
     {"peer_state_based_framing", description_peer_state_based_framing,
      additional_constraints_peer_state_based_framing, false, true},
+    {"pending_queue_cap", description_pending_queue_cap,
+     additional_constraints_pending_queue_cap, true, true},
     {"pick_first_happy_eyeballs", description_pick_first_happy_eyeballs,
      additional_constraints_pick_first_happy_eyeballs, true, true},
     {"ping_on_rst_stream", description_ping_on_rst_stream,
@@ -381,6 +391,14 @@ const char* const description_peer_state_based_framing =
     "on the peer's memory pressure which is reflected in its max http2 frame "
     "size.";
 const char* const additional_constraints_peer_state_based_framing = "{}";
+const char* const description_pending_queue_cap =
+    "In the sync & async apis (but not the callback api), cap the number of "
+    "received but unrequested requests in the server for each call type. A "
+    "received message is one that was read from the wire on the server. A "
+    "requested message is one explicitly requested by the application using "
+    "grpc_server_request_call or grpc_server_request_registered_call (or their "
+    "wrappers in the C++ API).";
+const char* const additional_constraints_pending_queue_cap = "{}";
 const char* const description_pick_first_happy_eyeballs =
     "Use Happy Eyeballs in pick_first.";
 const char* const additional_constraints_pick_first_happy_eyeballs = "{}";
@@ -534,6 +552,8 @@ const ExperimentMetadata g_experiment_metadata[] = {
      additional_constraints_overload_protection, true, true},
     {"peer_state_based_framing", description_peer_state_based_framing,
      additional_constraints_peer_state_based_framing, false, true},
+    {"pending_queue_cap", description_pending_queue_cap,
+     additional_constraints_pending_queue_cap, true, true},
     {"pick_first_happy_eyeballs", description_pick_first_happy_eyeballs,
      additional_constraints_pick_first_happy_eyeballs, true, true},
     {"ping_on_rst_stream", description_ping_on_rst_stream,
@@ -667,6 +687,14 @@ const char* const description_peer_state_based_framing =
     "on the peer's memory pressure which is reflected in its max http2 frame "
     "size.";
 const char* const additional_constraints_peer_state_based_framing = "{}";
+const char* const description_pending_queue_cap =
+    "In the sync & async apis (but not the callback api), cap the number of "
+    "received but unrequested requests in the server for each call type. A "
+    "received message is one that was read from the wire on the server. A "
+    "requested message is one explicitly requested by the application using "
+    "grpc_server_request_call or grpc_server_request_registered_call (or their "
+    "wrappers in the C++ API).";
+const char* const additional_constraints_pending_queue_cap = "{}";
 const char* const description_pick_first_happy_eyeballs =
     "Use Happy Eyeballs in pick_first.";
 const char* const additional_constraints_pick_first_happy_eyeballs = "{}";
@@ -820,6 +848,8 @@ const ExperimentMetadata g_experiment_metadata[] = {
      additional_constraints_overload_protection, true, true},
     {"peer_state_based_framing", description_peer_state_based_framing,
      additional_constraints_peer_state_based_framing, false, true},
+    {"pending_queue_cap", description_pending_queue_cap,
+     additional_constraints_pending_queue_cap, true, true},
     {"pick_first_happy_eyeballs", description_pick_first_happy_eyeballs,
      additional_constraints_pick_first_happy_eyeballs, true, true},
     {"ping_on_rst_stream", description_ping_on_rst_stream,
diff --git a/src/core/lib/experiments/experiments.h b/src/core/lib/experiments/experiments.h
index 3b6fbd31782..f90ae0f05fa 100644
--- a/src/core/lib/experiments/experiments.h
+++ b/src/core/lib/experiments/experiments.h
@@ -96,6 +96,8 @@ inline bool IsMultipingEnabled() { return false; }
 #define GRPC_EXPERIMENT_IS_INCLUDED_OVERLOAD_PROTECTION
 inline bool IsOverloadProtectionEnabled() { return true; }
 inline bool IsPeerStateBasedFramingEnabled() { return false; }
+#define GRPC_EXPERIMENT_IS_INCLUDED_PENDING_QUEUE_CAP
+inline bool IsPendingQueueCapEnabled() { return true; }
 #define GRPC_EXPERIMENT_IS_INCLUDED_PICK_FIRST_HAPPY_EYEBALLS
 inline bool IsPickFirstHappyEyeballsEnabled() { return true; }
 #define GRPC_EXPERIMENT_IS_INCLUDED_PING_ON_RST_STREAM
@@ -174,6 +176,8 @@ inline bool IsMultipingEnabled() { return false; }
 #define GRPC_EXPERIMENT_IS_INCLUDED_OVERLOAD_PROTECTION
 inline bool IsOverloadProtectionEnabled() { return true; }
 inline bool IsPeerStateBasedFramingEnabled() { return false; }
+#define GRPC_EXPERIMENT_IS_INCLUDED_PENDING_QUEUE_CAP
+inline bool IsPendingQueueCapEnabled() { return true; }
 #define GRPC_EXPERIMENT_IS_INCLUDED_PICK_FIRST_HAPPY_EYEBALLS
 inline bool IsPickFirstHappyEyeballsEnabled() { return true; }
 #define GRPC_EXPERIMENT_IS_INCLUDED_PING_ON_RST_STREAM
@@ -251,6 +255,8 @@ inline bool IsMultipingEnabled() { return false; }
 #define GRPC_EXPERIMENT_IS_INCLUDED_OVERLOAD_PROTECTION
 inline bool IsOverloadProtectionEnabled() { return true; }
 inline bool IsPeerStateBasedFramingEnabled() { return false; }
+#define GRPC_EXPERIMENT_IS_INCLUDED_PENDING_QUEUE_CAP
+inline bool IsPendingQueueCapEnabled() { return true; }
 #define GRPC_EXPERIMENT_IS_INCLUDED_PICK_FIRST_HAPPY_EYEBALLS
 inline bool IsPickFirstHappyEyeballsEnabled() { return true; }
 #define GRPC_EXPERIMENT_IS_INCLUDED_PING_ON_RST_STREAM
@@ -312,6 +318,7 @@ enum ExperimentIds {
   kExperimentIdMultiping,
   kExperimentIdOverloadProtection,
   kExperimentIdPeerStateBasedFraming,
+  kExperimentIdPendingQueueCap,
   kExperimentIdPickFirstHappyEyeballs,
   kExperimentIdPingOnRstStream,
   kExperimentIdPromiseBasedClientCall,
@@ -424,6 +431,10 @@ inline bool IsOverloadProtectionEnabled() {
 inline bool IsPeerStateBasedFramingEnabled() {
   return IsExperimentEnabled(kExperimentIdPeerStateBasedFraming);
 }
+#define GRPC_EXPERIMENT_IS_INCLUDED_PENDING_QUEUE_CAP
+inline bool IsPendingQueueCapEnabled() {
+  return IsExperimentEnabled(kExperimentIdPendingQueueCap);
+}
 #define GRPC_EXPERIMENT_IS_INCLUDED_PICK_FIRST_HAPPY_EYEBALLS
 inline bool IsPickFirstHappyEyeballsEnabled() {
   return IsExperimentEnabled(kExperimentIdPickFirstHappyEyeballs);
diff --git a/src/core/lib/experiments/experiments.yaml b/src/core/lib/experiments/experiments.yaml
index 90d4a34cde8..bec9c44e645 100644
--- a/src/core/lib/experiments/experiments.yaml
+++ b/src/core/lib/experiments/experiments.yaml
@@ -165,6 +165,17 @@
   expiry: 2024/01/01
   owner: vigneshbabu@google.com
   test_tags: ["flow_control_test"]
+- name: pending_queue_cap
+  description:
+    In the sync & async apis (but not the callback api), cap the number of
+    received but unrequested requests in the server for each call type.
+    A received message is one that was read from the wire on the server.
+    A requested message is one explicitly requested by the application using
+    grpc_server_request_call or grpc_server_request_registered_call (or their
+    wrappers in the C++ API).
+  expiry: 2024/05/05
+  owner: ctiller@google.com
+  test_tags: []
 - name: pick_first_happy_eyeballs
   description:
     Use Happy Eyeballs in pick_first.
diff --git a/src/core/lib/experiments/rollouts.yaml b/src/core/lib/experiments/rollouts.yaml
index ffc067fee6a..a796fe22eaf 100644
--- a/src/core/lib/experiments/rollouts.yaml
+++ b/src/core/lib/experiments/rollouts.yaml
@@ -94,6 +94,8 @@
   default: true
 - name: peer_state_based_framing
   default: false
+- name: pending_queue_cap
+  default: true
 - name: pick_first_happy_eyeballs
   default: true
 - name: ping_on_rst_stream
diff --git a/src/core/lib/surface/server.cc b/src/core/lib/surface/server.cc
index ddb627a6693..895691f8a00 100644
--- a/src/core/lib/surface/server.cc
+++ b/src/core/lib/surface/server.cc
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <atomic>
 #include <list>
+#include <memory>
 #include <new>
 #include <queue>
 #include <type_traits>
@@ -35,7 +36,6 @@
 #include "absl/container/flat_hash_map.h"
 #include "absl/status/status.h"
 #include "absl/types/optional.h"
-#include "absl/types/variant.h"
 
 #include <grpc/byte_buffer.h>
 #include <grpc/grpc.h>
@@ -55,12 +55,12 @@
 #include "src/core/lib/gpr/useful.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/crash.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/debug_location.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/match.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/mpscq.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/status_helper.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/pollset_set.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/promise/activity.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/promise/cancel_callback.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/promise/context.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/promise/map.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/promise/pipe.h"
@@ -253,12 +253,12 @@ class Server::RequestMatcherInterface {
 // application to explicitly request RPCs and then matching those to incoming
 // RPCs, along with a slow path by which incoming RPCs are put on a locked
 // pending list if they aren't able to be matched to an application request.
-class Server::RealRequestMatcher : public RequestMatcherInterface {
+class Server::RealRequestMatcherFilterStack : public RequestMatcherInterface {
  public:
-  explicit RealRequestMatcher(Server* server)
+  explicit RealRequestMatcherFilterStack(Server* server)
       : server_(server), requests_per_cq_(server->cqs_.size()) {}
 
-  ~RealRequestMatcher() override {
+  ~RealRequestMatcherFilterStack() override {
     for (LockedMultiProducerSingleConsumerQueue& queue : requests_per_cq_) {
       GPR_ASSERT(queue.Pop() == nullptr);
     }
@@ -266,15 +266,8 @@ class Server::RealRequestMatcher : public RequestMatcherInterface {
 
   void ZombifyPending() override {
     while (!pending_.empty()) {
-      Match(
-          pending_.front(),
-          [](CallData* calld) {
-            calld->SetState(CallData::CallState::ZOMBIED);
-            calld->KillZombie();
-          },
-          [](const std::shared_ptr<ActivityWaiter>& w) {
-            w->Finish(absl::InternalError("Server closed"));
-          });
+      pending_.front().calld->SetState(CallData::CallState::ZOMBIED);
+      pending_.front().calld->KillZombie();
       pending_.pop();
     }
   }
@@ -300,39 +293,34 @@ class Server::RealRequestMatcher : public RequestMatcherInterface {
       // matching calls
       struct NextPendingCall {
         RequestedCall* rc = nullptr;
-        PendingCall pending;
+        CallData* pending;
       };
-      auto pop_next_pending = [this, request_queue_index] {
+      while (true) {
         NextPendingCall pending_call;
         {
           MutexLock lock(&server_->mu_call_);
+          while (!pending_.empty() &&
+                 pending_.front().Age() > server_->max_time_in_pending_queue_) {
+            pending_.pop();
+          }
           if (!pending_.empty()) {
             pending_call.rc = reinterpret_cast<RequestedCall*>(
                 requests_per_cq_[request_queue_index].Pop());
             if (pending_call.rc != nullptr) {
-              pending_call.pending = std::move(pending_.front());
+              pending_call.pending = pending_.front().calld;
               pending_.pop();
             }
           }
         }
-        return pending_call;
-      };
-      while (true) {
-        NextPendingCall next_pending = pop_next_pending();
-        if (next_pending.rc == nullptr) break;
-        Match(
-            next_pending.pending,
-            [&](CallData* calld) {
-              if (!calld->MaybeActivate()) {
-                // Zombied Call
-                calld->KillZombie();
-              } else {
-                calld->Publish(request_queue_index, next_pending.rc);
-              }
-            },
-            [&](const std::shared_ptr<ActivityWaiter>& w) {
-              w->Finish(server(), request_queue_index, next_pending.rc);
-            });
+        if (pending_call.rc == nullptr) break;
+        if (!pending_call.pending->MaybeActivate()) {
+          // Zombied Call
+          pending_call.pending->KillZombie();
+          requests_per_cq_[request_queue_index].Push(
+              &pending_call.rc->mpscq_node);
+        } else {
+          pending_call.pending->Publish(request_queue_index, pending_call.rc);
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -369,7 +357,7 @@ class Server::RealRequestMatcher : public RequestMatcherInterface {
       }
       if (rc == nullptr) {
         calld->SetState(CallData::CallState::PENDING);
-        pending_.push(calld);
+        pending_.push(PendingCall{calld});
         return;
       }
     }
@@ -377,6 +365,91 @@ class Server::RealRequestMatcher : public RequestMatcherInterface {
     calld->Publish(cq_idx, rc);
   }
 
+  ArenaPromise<absl::StatusOr<MatchResult>> MatchRequest(size_t) override {
+    Crash("not implemented for filter stack request matcher");
+  }
+
+  Server* server() const final { return server_; }
+
+ private:
+  Server* const server_;
+  struct PendingCall {
+    CallData* calld;
+    Timestamp created = Timestamp::Now();
+    Duration Age() { return Timestamp::Now() - created; }
+  };
+  std::queue<PendingCall> pending_;
+  std::vector<LockedMultiProducerSingleConsumerQueue> requests_per_cq_;
+};
+
+class Server::RealRequestMatcherPromises : public RequestMatcherInterface {
+ public:
+  explicit RealRequestMatcherPromises(Server* server)
+      : server_(server), requests_per_cq_(server->cqs_.size()) {}
+
+  ~RealRequestMatcherPromises() override {
+    for (LockedMultiProducerSingleConsumerQueue& queue : requests_per_cq_) {
+      GPR_ASSERT(queue.Pop() == nullptr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void ZombifyPending() override {
+    while (!pending_.empty()) {
+      pending_.front()->Finish(absl::InternalError("Server closed"));
+      pending_.pop();
+    }
+  }
+
+  void KillRequests(grpc_error_handle error) override {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < requests_per_cq_.size(); i++) {
+      RequestedCall* rc;
+      while ((rc = reinterpret_cast<RequestedCall*>(
+                  requests_per_cq_[i].Pop())) != nullptr) {
+        server_->FailCall(i, rc, error);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  size_t request_queue_count() const override {
+    return requests_per_cq_.size();
+  }
+
+  void RequestCallWithPossiblePublish(size_t request_queue_index,
+                                      RequestedCall* call) override {
+    if (requests_per_cq_[request_queue_index].Push(&call->mpscq_node)) {
+      // this was the first queued request: we need to lock and start
+      // matching calls
+      struct NextPendingCall {
+        RequestedCall* rc = nullptr;
+        PendingCall pending;
+      };
+      while (true) {
+        NextPendingCall pending_call;
+        {
+          MutexLock lock(&server_->mu_call_);
+          if (!pending_.empty()) {
+            pending_call.rc = reinterpret_cast<RequestedCall*>(
+                requests_per_cq_[request_queue_index].Pop());
+            if (pending_call.rc != nullptr) {
+              pending_call.pending = std::move(pending_.front());
+              pending_.pop();
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        if (pending_call.rc == nullptr) break;
+        if (!pending_call.pending->Finish(server(), request_queue_index,
+                                          pending_call.rc)) {
+          requests_per_cq_[request_queue_index].Push(
+              &pending_call.rc->mpscq_node);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  void MatchOrQueue(size_t, CallData*) override {
+    Crash("not implemented for promises");
+  }
+
   ArenaPromise<absl::StatusOr<MatchResult>> MatchRequest(
       size_t start_request_queue_index) override {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < requests_per_cq_.size(); i++) {
@@ -396,25 +469,36 @@ class Server::RealRequestMatcher : public RequestMatcherInterface {
     size_t cq_idx = 0;
     size_t loop_count;
     {
+      std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ActivityWaiter>> removed_pending;
       MutexLock lock(&server_->mu_call_);
+      while (!pending_.empty() &&
+             pending_.front()->Age() > server_->max_time_in_pending_queue_) {
+        removed_pending.push_back(std::move(pending_.front()));
+        pending_.pop();
+      }
       for (loop_count = 0; loop_count < requests_per_cq_.size(); loop_count++) {
         cq_idx =
             (start_request_queue_index + loop_count) % requests_per_cq_.size();
         rc = reinterpret_cast<RequestedCall*>(requests_per_cq_[cq_idx].Pop());
-        if (rc != nullptr) {
-          break;
-        }
+        if (rc != nullptr) break;
       }
       if (rc == nullptr) {
+        if (server_->pending_backlog_protector_.Reject(pending_.size(),
+                                                       server_->bitgen_)) {
+          return Immediate(absl::ResourceExhaustedError(
+              "Too many pending requests for this server"));
+        }
         auto w = std::make_shared<ActivityWaiter>(
             Activity::current()->MakeOwningWaker());
         pending_.push(w);
-        return [w]() -> Poll<absl::StatusOr<MatchResult>> {
-          std::unique_ptr<absl::StatusOr<MatchResult>> r(
-              w->result.exchange(nullptr, std::memory_order_acq_rel));
-          if (r == nullptr) return Pending{};
-          return std::move(*r);
-        };
+        return OnCancel(
+            [w]() -> Poll<absl::StatusOr<MatchResult>> {
+              std::unique_ptr<absl::StatusOr<MatchResult>> r(
+                  w->result.exchange(nullptr, std::memory_order_acq_rel));
+              if (r == nullptr) return Pending{};
+              return std::move(*r);
+            },
+            [w]() { w->Expire(); });
       }
     }
     return Immediate(MatchResult(server(), cq_idx, rc));
@@ -425,23 +509,40 @@ class Server::RealRequestMatcher : public RequestMatcherInterface {
  private:
   Server* const server_;
   struct ActivityWaiter {
+    using ResultType = absl::StatusOr<MatchResult>;
     explicit ActivityWaiter(Waker waker) : waker(std::move(waker)) {}
     ~ActivityWaiter() { delete result.load(std::memory_order_acquire); }
     void Finish(absl::Status status) {
-      result.store(new absl::StatusOr<MatchResult>(std::move(status)),
-                   std::memory_order_release);
-      waker.Wakeup();
+      delete result.exchange(new ResultType(std::move(status)),
+                             std::memory_order_acq_rel);
+      waker.WakeupAsync();
     }
-    void Finish(Server* server, size_t cq_idx, RequestedCall* requested_call) {
-      result.store(new absl::StatusOr<MatchResult>(
-                       MatchResult(server, cq_idx, requested_call)),
-                   std::memory_order_release);
-      waker.Wakeup();
+    // Returns true if requested_call consumed, false otherwise.
+    GRPC_MUST_USE_RESULT bool Finish(Server* server, size_t cq_idx,
+                                     RequestedCall* requested_call) {
+      ResultType* expected = nullptr;
+      ResultType* new_value =
+          new ResultType(MatchResult(server, cq_idx, requested_call));
+      if (!result.compare_exchange_strong(expected, new_value,
+                                          std::memory_order_acq_rel,
+                                          std::memory_order_acq_rel)) {
+        GPR_ASSERT(new_value->value().TakeCall() == requested_call);
+        delete new_value;
+        return false;
+      }
+      waker.WakeupAsync();
+      return true;
     }
+    void Expire() {
+      delete result.exchange(new ResultType(absl::CancelledError()),
+                             std::memory_order_acq_rel);
+    }
+    Duration Age() { return Timestamp::Now() - created; }
     Waker waker;
-    std::atomic<absl::StatusOr<MatchResult>*> result{nullptr};
+    std::atomic<ResultType*> result{nullptr};
+    const Timestamp created = Timestamp::Now();
   };
-  using PendingCall = absl::variant<CallData*, std::shared_ptr<ActivityWaiter>>;
+  using PendingCall = std::shared_ptr<ActivityWaiter>;
   std::queue<PendingCall> pending_;
   std::vector<LockedMultiProducerSingleConsumerQueue> requests_per_cq_;
 };
@@ -716,6 +817,15 @@ void Server::AddListener(OrphanablePtr<ListenerInterface> listener) {
 }
 
 void Server::Start() {
+  auto make_real_request_matcher =
+      [this]() -> std::unique_ptr<RequestMatcherInterface> {
+    if (IsPromiseBasedServerCallEnabled()) {
+      return std::make_unique<RealRequestMatcherPromises>(this);
+    } else {
+      return std::make_unique<RealRequestMatcherFilterStack>(this);
+    }
+  };
+
   started_ = true;
   for (grpc_completion_queue* cq : cqs_) {
     if (grpc_cq_can_listen(cq)) {
@@ -723,11 +833,11 @@ void Server::Start() {
     }
   }
   if (unregistered_request_matcher_ == nullptr) {
-    unregistered_request_matcher_ = std::make_unique<RealRequestMatcher>(this);
+    unregistered_request_matcher_ = make_real_request_matcher();
   }
   for (std::unique_ptr<RegisteredMethod>& rm : registered_methods_) {
     if (rm->matcher == nullptr) {
-      rm->matcher = std::make_unique<RealRequestMatcher>(this);
+      rm->matcher = make_real_request_matcher();
     }
   }
   {
diff --git a/src/core/lib/surface/server.h b/src/core/lib/surface/server.h
index 954ac6283a6..f5999bcda30 100644
--- a/src/core/lib/surface/server.h
+++ b/src/core/lib/surface/server.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <atomic>
 #include <functional>
 #include <list>
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "absl/container/flat_hash_map.h"
 #include "absl/container/flat_hash_set.h"
 #include "absl/hash/hash.h"
+#include "absl/random/random.h"
 #include "absl/status/statusor.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 #include "absl/types/optional.h"
@@ -42,6 +44,7 @@
 #include <grpc/slice.h>
 #include <grpc/support/time.h>
 
+#include "src/core/lib/backoff/random_early_detection.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/channel/call_tracer.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_args.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_fwd.h"
@@ -66,6 +69,10 @@
 #include "src/core/lib/transport/metadata_batch.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/transport/transport.h"
 
+#define GRPC_ARG_SERVER_MAX_PENDING_REQUESTS "grpc.server.max_pending_requests"
+#define GRPC_ARG_SERVER_MAX_PENDING_REQUESTS_HARD_LIMIT \
+  "grpc.server.max_pending_requests_hard_limit"
+
 namespace grpc_core {
 
 extern TraceFlag grpc_server_channel_trace;
@@ -225,7 +232,8 @@ class Server : public InternallyRefCounted<Server>,
   };
 
   class RequestMatcherInterface;
-  class RealRequestMatcher;
+  class RealRequestMatcherFilterStack;
+  class RealRequestMatcherPromises;
   class AllocatingRequestMatcherBase;
   class AllocatingRequestMatcherBatch;
   class AllocatingRequestMatcherRegistered;
@@ -505,6 +513,17 @@ class Server : public InternallyRefCounted<Server>,
   bool shutdown_published_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu_global_) = false;
   std::vector<ShutdownTag> shutdown_tags_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu_global_);
 
+  RandomEarlyDetection pending_backlog_protector_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu_call_){
+      static_cast<uint64_t>(
+          std::max(0, channel_args_.GetInt(GRPC_ARG_SERVER_MAX_PENDING_REQUESTS)
+                          .value_or(1000))),
+      static_cast<uint64_t>(std::max(
+          0,
+          channel_args_.GetInt(GRPC_ARG_SERVER_MAX_PENDING_REQUESTS_HARD_LIMIT)
+              .value_or(3000)))};
+  Duration max_time_in_pending_queue_{Duration::Seconds(30)};
+  absl::BitGen bitgen_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu_call_);
+
   std::list<ChannelData*> channels_;
 
   std::list<Listener> listeners_;
diff --git a/test/core/end2end/tests/filter_context.cc b/test/core/end2end/tests/filter_context.cc
index 834ff403577..8156384fbd6 100644
--- a/test/core/end2end/tests/filter_context.cc
+++ b/test/core/end2end/tests/filter_context.cc
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_stack.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/channel/context.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/config/core_configuration.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/experiments/experiments.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/time.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/closure.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error.h"
@@ -100,6 +101,9 @@ CORE_END2END_TEST(CoreEnd2endTest, FilterContext) {
   CoreConfiguration::RegisterBuilder([](CoreConfiguration::Builder* builder) {
     for (auto type : {GRPC_CLIENT_CHANNEL, GRPC_CLIENT_SUBCHANNEL,
                       GRPC_CLIENT_DIRECT_CHANNEL, GRPC_SERVER_CHANNEL}) {
+      if (type == GRPC_SERVER_CHANNEL && IsPromiseBasedServerCallEnabled()) {
+        continue;
+      }
       builder->channel_init()->RegisterFilter(type, &test_filter);
     }
   });