[time] Introduce time sources (#30815)

* [time] Introduce time sources

* make import trivial

* Automated change: Fix sanity tests

* fix

* Automated change: Fix sanity tests

* fix

* Automated change: Fix sanity tests

* Automated change: Fix sanity tests

* review feedback

* fix

* Automated change: Fix sanity tests

* ios fix

* fix

Co-authored-by: ctiller <ctiller@users.noreply.github.com>

BUILD

@@ -2024,7 +2024,6 @@ grpc_cc_library(
     ],
     external_deps = ["absl/functional:function_ref"],
     deps = [
-        "exec_ctx",
         "gpr_platform",
         "time",
         "useful",
@@ -2199,10 +2198,15 @@ grpc_cc_library(
     hdrs = [
         "src/core/lib/gprpp/time.h",
     ],
-    external_deps = ["absl/strings:str_format"],
+    external_deps = [
+        "absl/strings:str_format",
+        "absl/types:optional",
+    ],
     deps = [
         "event_engine_base_hdrs",
         "gpr",
+        "gpr_tls",
+        "no_destruct",
         "useful",
     ],
 )
@@ -3003,7 +3007,6 @@ grpc_cc_library(
     ],
     hdrs = ["src/core/lib/transport/bdp_estimator.h"],
     deps = [
-        "exec_ctx",
         "gpr",
         "grpc_trace",
         "time",
@@ -3053,7 +3056,6 @@ grpc_cc_library(
     language = "c++",
     visibility = ["@grpc:alt_grpc_base_legacy"],
     deps = [
-        "exec_ctx",
         "gpr_platform",
         "time",
     ],
@@ -4974,7 +4976,6 @@ grpc_cc_library(
         "closure",
         "config",
         "debug_location",
-        "exec_ctx",
         "gpr",
         "grpc_base",
         "grpc_client_channel",
@@ -5184,7 +5185,6 @@ grpc_cc_library(
         "config",
         "debug_location",
         "env",
-        "exec_ctx",
         "gpr",
         "grpc_base",
         "grpc_client_channel",
@@ -5227,7 +5227,6 @@ grpc_cc_library(
         "closure",
         "config",
         "debug_location",
-        "exec_ctx",
         "gpr",
         "grpc_base",
         "grpc_client_channel",
@@ -6819,7 +6818,6 @@ grpc_cc_library(
     ],
     deps = [
         "bdp_estimator",
-        "exec_ctx",
         "experiments",
         "gpr",
         "grpc_trace",

src/core/ext/filters/channel_idle/channel_idle_filter.cc

@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ void MaxAgeFilter::PostInit() {
     max_age_activity_.Set(MakeActivity(
         TrySeq(
             // First sleep until the max connection age
-            Sleep(ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + max_connection_age_),
+            Sleep(Timestamp::Now() + max_connection_age_),
             // Then send a goaway.
             [this] {
               GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_REF(this->channel_stack(),
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ void MaxAgeFilter::PostInit() {
             },
             // Sleep for the grace period
             [this] {
-              return Sleep(ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + max_connection_age_grace_);
+              return Sleep(Timestamp::Now() + max_connection_age_grace_);
             }),
         ExecCtxWakeupScheduler(), [channel_stack, this](absl::Status status) {
           // OnDone -- close the connection if the promise completed
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ void ChannelIdleFilter::StartIdleTimer() {
   auto channel_stack = channel_stack_->Ref();
   auto timeout = client_idle_timeout_;
   auto promise = Loop([timeout, idle_filter_state]() {
-    return TrySeq(Sleep(ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + timeout),
+    return TrySeq(Sleep(Timestamp::Now() + timeout),
                   [idle_filter_state]() -> Poll<LoopCtl<absl::Status>> {
                     if (idle_filter_state->CheckTimer()) {
                       return Continue{};

src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/backup_poller.cc

@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/time.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/closure.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/iomgr.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/pollset.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/pollset_set.h"
@@ -132,11 +131,11 @@ static void run_poller(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
     return;
   }
   grpc_error_handle err =
-      grpc_pollset_work(p->pollset, nullptr, grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now());
+      grpc_pollset_work(p->pollset, nullptr, grpc_core::Timestamp::Now());
   gpr_mu_unlock(p->pollset_mu);
   GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR("Run client channel backup poller", err);
   grpc_timer_init(&p->polling_timer,
-                  grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + g_poll_interval,
+                  grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + g_poll_interval,
                   &p->run_poller_closure);
 }
 
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ static void g_poller_init_locked() {
     GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&g_poller->run_poller_closure, run_poller, g_poller,
                       grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
     grpc_timer_init(&g_poller->polling_timer,
-                    grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + g_poll_interval,
+                    grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + g_poll_interval,
                     &g_poller->run_poller_closure);
   }
 }

src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/grpclb/grpclb.cc

@@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ GrpcLb::BalancerCallState::BalancerCallState(
   const Timestamp deadline =
       grpclb_policy()->lb_call_timeout_ == Duration::Zero()
           ? Timestamp::InfFuture()
-          : ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + grpclb_policy()->lb_call_timeout_;
+          : Timestamp::Now() + grpclb_policy()->lb_call_timeout_;
   lb_call_ = grpc_channel_create_pollset_set_call(
       grpclb_policy()->lb_channel_, nullptr, GRPC_PROPAGATE_DEFAULTS,
       grpclb_policy_->interested_parties(),
@@ -1548,7 +1548,7 @@ absl::Status GrpcLb::UpdateLocked(UpdateArgs args) {
   if (is_initial_update) {
     fallback_at_startup_checks_pending_ = true;
     // Start timer.
-    Timestamp deadline = ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + fallback_at_startup_timeout_;
+    Timestamp deadline = Timestamp::Now() + fallback_at_startup_timeout_;
     Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "on_fallback_timer").release();  // Ref for callback
     grpc_timer_init(&lb_fallback_timer_, deadline, &lb_on_fallback_);
     // Start watching the channel's connectivity state.  If the channel
@@ -1643,7 +1643,7 @@ void GrpcLb::StartBalancerCallRetryTimerLocked() {
   Timestamp next_try = lb_call_backoff_.NextAttemptTime();
   if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_lb_glb_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[grpclb %p] Connection to LB server lost...", this);
-    Duration timeout = next_try - ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    Duration timeout = next_try - Timestamp::Now();
     if (timeout > Duration::Zero()) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[grpclb %p] ... retry_timer_active in %" PRId64 "ms.",
               this, timeout.millis());
@@ -1813,7 +1813,7 @@ void GrpcLb::CreateOrUpdateChildPolicyLocked() {
 
 void GrpcLb::CacheDeletedSubchannelLocked(
     RefCountedPtr<SubchannelInterface> subchannel) {
-  Timestamp deletion_time = ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + subchannel_cache_interval_;
+  Timestamp deletion_time = Timestamp::Now() + subchannel_cache_interval_;
   cached_subchannels_[deletion_time].push_back(std::move(subchannel));
   if (!subchannel_cache_timer_pending_) {
     Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "OnSubchannelCacheTimer").release();

src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/outlier_detection/outlier_detection.cc

@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/work_serializer.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/closure.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/iomgr_fwd.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/pollset_set.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/timer.h"
@@ -296,7 +295,7 @@ class OutlierDetectionLb : public LoadBalancingPolicy {
                                base_ejection_time_in_millis * multiplier_,
                                std::max(base_ejection_time_in_millis,
                                         max_ejection_time_in_millis)));
-        if (change_time < ExecCtx::Get()->Now()) {
+        if (change_time < Timestamp::Now()) {
           Uneject();
           return true;
         }
@@ -615,8 +614,7 @@ absl::Status OutlierDetectionLb::UpdateLocked(UpdateArgs args) {
     if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_outlier_detection_lb_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[outlier_detection_lb %p] starting timer", this);
     }
-    ejection_timer_ =
+    ejection_timer_ = MakeOrphanable<EjectionTimer>(Ref(), Timestamp::Now());
-        MakeOrphanable<EjectionTimer>(Ref(), ExecCtx::Get()->Now());
     for (const auto& p : subchannel_state_map_) {
       p.second->RotateBucket();  // Reset call counters.
     }
@@ -835,7 +833,7 @@ void OutlierDetectionLb::EjectionTimer::OnTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
     std::map<SubchannelState*, double> failure_percentage_ejection_candidates;
     size_t ejected_host_count = 0;
     double success_rate_sum = 0;
-    auto time_now = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    auto time_now = Timestamp::Now();
     auto& config = parent_->config_->outlier_detection_config();
     for (auto& state : parent_->subchannel_state_map_) {
       auto* subchannel_state = state.second.get();
@@ -1006,7 +1004,7 @@ void OutlierDetectionLb::EjectionTimer::OnTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
     }
     timer_pending_ = false;
     parent_->ejection_timer_ =
-        MakeOrphanable<EjectionTimer>(parent_, ExecCtx::Get()->Now());
+        MakeOrphanable<EjectionTimer>(parent_, Timestamp::Now());
   }
   Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "Timer");
   GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);

src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/priority/priority.cc

@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/work_serializer.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/closure.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/pollset_set.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/timer.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/json/json.h"
@@ -532,7 +531,7 @@ PriorityLb::ChildPriority::DeactivationTimer::DeactivationTimer(
   }
   GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_timer_, OnTimer, this, nullptr);
   Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "Timer").release();
-  grpc_timer_init(&timer_, ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + kChildRetentionInterval,
+  grpc_timer_init(&timer_, Timestamp::Now() + kChildRetentionInterval,
                   &on_timer_);
 }
 
@@ -594,7 +593,7 @@ PriorityLb::ChildPriority::FailoverTimer::FailoverTimer(
   Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "Timer").release();
   grpc_timer_init(
       &timer_,
-      ExecCtx::Get()->Now() +
+      Timestamp::Now() +
           child_priority_->priority_policy_->child_failover_timeout_,
       &on_timer_);
 }

src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/rls/rls.cc

@@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@ LoadBalancingPolicy::PickResult RlsLb::Picker::Pick(PickArgs args) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[rlslb %p] picker=%p: request keys: %s",
             lb_policy_.get(), this, key.ToString().c_str());
   }
-  Timestamp now = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  Timestamp now = Timestamp::Now();
   MutexLock lock(&lb_policy_->mu_);
   if (lb_policy_->is_shutdown_) {
     return PickResult::Fail(
@@ -1164,7 +1164,7 @@ RlsLb::Cache::Entry::Entry(RefCountedPtr<RlsLb> lb_policy,
           GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_lb_rls_trace) ? "CacheEntry" : nullptr),
       lb_policy_(std::move(lb_policy)),
       backoff_state_(MakeCacheEntryBackoff()),
-      min_expiration_time_(ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + kMinExpirationTime),
+      min_expiration_time_(Timestamp::Now() + kMinExpirationTime),
       lru_iterator_(lb_policy_->cache_.lru_list_.insert(
           lb_policy_->cache_.lru_list_.end(), key)) {}
 
@@ -1242,12 +1242,12 @@ void RlsLb::Cache::Entry::ResetBackoff() {
 }
 
 bool RlsLb::Cache::Entry::ShouldRemove() const {
-  Timestamp now = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  Timestamp now = Timestamp::Now();
   return data_expiration_time_ < now && backoff_expiration_time_ < now;
 }
 
 bool RlsLb::Cache::Entry::CanEvict() const {
-  Timestamp now = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  Timestamp now = Timestamp::Now();
   return min_expiration_time_ < now;
 }
 
@@ -1273,7 +1273,7 @@ RlsLb::Cache::Entry::OnRlsResponseLocked(
       backoff_state_ = MakeCacheEntryBackoff();
     }
     backoff_time_ = backoff_state_->NextAttemptTime();
-    Timestamp now = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    Timestamp now = Timestamp::Now();
     backoff_expiration_time_ = now + (backoff_time_ - now) * 2;
     backoff_timer_ = MakeOrphanable<BackoffTimer>(
         Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "BackoffTimer"), backoff_time_);
@@ -1282,7 +1282,7 @@ RlsLb::Cache::Entry::OnRlsResponseLocked(
   }
   // Request succeeded, so store the result.
   header_data_ = std::move(response.header_data);
-  Timestamp now = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  Timestamp now = Timestamp::Now();
   data_expiration_time_ = now + lb_policy_->config_->max_age();
   stale_time_ = now + lb_policy_->config_->stale_age();
   status_ = absl::OkStatus();
@@ -1348,7 +1348,7 @@ RlsLb::Cache::Entry::OnRlsResponseLocked(
 //
 
 RlsLb::Cache::Cache(RlsLb* lb_policy) : lb_policy_(lb_policy) {
-  Timestamp now = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  Timestamp now = Timestamp::Now();
   lb_policy_->Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "CacheCleanupTimer").release();
   GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&timer_callback_, OnCleanupTimer, this, nullptr);
   grpc_timer_init(&cleanup_timer_, now + kCacheCleanupTimerInterval,
@@ -1431,7 +1431,7 @@ void RlsLb::Cache::OnCleanupTimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
             ++it;
           }
         }
-        Timestamp now = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+        Timestamp now = Timestamp::Now();
         lb_policy.release();
         grpc_timer_init(&cache->cleanup_timer_,
                         now + kCacheCleanupTimerInterval,
@@ -1500,7 +1500,7 @@ void RlsLb::RlsChannel::StateWatcher::OnConnectivityStateChange(
 //
 
 bool RlsLb::RlsChannel::Throttle::ShouldThrottle() {
-  Timestamp now = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  Timestamp now = Timestamp::Now();
   while (!requests_.empty() && now - requests_.front() > window_size_) {
     requests_.pop_front();
   }
@@ -1528,7 +1528,7 @@ bool RlsLb::RlsChannel::Throttle::ShouldThrottle() {
 }
 
 void RlsLb::RlsChannel::Throttle::RegisterResponse(bool success) {
-  Timestamp now = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  Timestamp now = Timestamp::Now();
   requests_.push_back(now);
   if (!success) failures_.push_back(now);
 }
@@ -1708,7 +1708,7 @@ void RlsLb::RlsRequest::StartCallLocked() {
     MutexLock lock(&lb_policy_->mu_);
     if (lb_policy_->is_shutdown_) return;
   }
-  Timestamp now = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  Timestamp now = Timestamp::Now();
   deadline_ = now + lb_policy_->config_->lookup_service_timeout();
   grpc_metadata_array_init(&recv_initial_metadata_);
   grpc_metadata_array_init(&recv_trailing_metadata_);

src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy/xds/xds_cluster_manager.cc

@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/work_serializer.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/closure.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/pollset_set.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/timer.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/json/json.h"
@@ -530,7 +529,7 @@ void XdsClusterManagerLb::ClusterChild::DeactivateLocked() {
   // Start a timer to delete the child.
   Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ClusterChild+timer").release();
   grpc_timer_init(&delayed_removal_timer_,
-                  ExecCtx::Get()->Now() +
+                  Timestamp::Now() +
                       Duration::Milliseconds(
                           GRPC_XDS_CLUSTER_MANAGER_CHILD_RETENTION_INTERVAL_MS),
                   &on_delayed_removal_timer_);

src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver/dns/c_ares/grpc_ares_wrapper.cc

@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ static grpc_core::Timestamp calculate_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm(
       "request:%p ev_driver=%p. next ares process poll time in "
       "%" PRId64 " ms",
       driver->request, driver, until_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm.millis());
-  return grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + until_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm;
+  return grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + until_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm;
 }
 
 static void on_timeout(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ void grpc_ares_ev_driver_start_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver)
   GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&ev_driver->on_timeout_locked, on_timeout, ev_driver,
                     grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
   grpc_timer_init(&ev_driver->query_timeout,
-                  grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + timeout,
+                  grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + timeout,
                   &ev_driver->on_timeout_locked);
   // Initialize the backup poll alarm
   grpc_core::Timestamp next_ares_backup_poll_alarm =

src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver/google_c2p/google_c2p_resolver.cc

@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@
 #include "src/core/lib/http/parser.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/closure.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/polling_entity.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/json/json.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/resolver/resolver.h"
@@ -167,12 +166,12 @@ GoogleCloud2ProdResolver::MetadataQuery::MetadataQuery(
       const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_RESOURCE_QUOTA),
       resolver_->resource_quota_.get(), grpc_resource_quota_arg_vtable());
   grpc_channel_args args = {1, &resource_quota_arg};
-  http_request_ = HttpRequest::Get(
+  http_request_ =
-      std::move(*uri), &args, pollent, &request,
+      HttpRequest::Get(std::move(*uri), &args, pollent, &request,
-      ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + Duration::Seconds(10),  // 10s timeout
+                       Timestamp::Now() + Duration::Seconds(10),  // 10s timeout
-      &on_done_, &response_,
+                       &on_done_, &response_,
-      RefCountedPtr<grpc_channel_credentials>(
+                       RefCountedPtr<grpc_channel_credentials>(
-          grpc_insecure_credentials_create()));
+                           grpc_insecure_credentials_create()));
   http_request_->Start();
 }
 

src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver/polling_resolver.cc

@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ void PollingResolver::GetResultStatus(absl::Status status) {
     // Also see https://github.com/grpc/grpc/issues/26079.
     ExecCtx::Get()->InvalidateNow();
     Timestamp next_try = backoff_.NextAttemptTime();
-    Duration timeout = next_try - ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    Duration timeout = next_try - Timestamp::Now();
     GPR_ASSERT(!have_next_resolution_timer_);
     have_next_resolution_timer_ = true;
     if (GPR_UNLIKELY(tracer_ != nullptr && tracer_->enabled())) {
@@ -223,11 +223,11 @@ void PollingResolver::MaybeStartResolvingLocked() {
     const Timestamp earliest_next_resolution =
         *last_resolution_timestamp_ + min_time_between_resolutions_;
     const Duration time_until_next_resolution =
-        earliest_next_resolution - ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+        earliest_next_resolution - Timestamp::Now();
     if (time_until_next_resolution > Duration::Zero()) {
       if (GPR_UNLIKELY(tracer_ != nullptr && tracer_->enabled())) {
         const Duration last_resolution_ago =
-            ExecCtx::Get()->Now() - *last_resolution_timestamp_;
+            Timestamp::Now() - *last_resolution_timestamp_;
         gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
                 "[polling resolver %p] in cooldown from last resolution "
                 "(from %" PRId64 " ms ago); will resolve again in %" PRId64
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ void PollingResolver::MaybeStartResolvingLocked() {
       Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "next_resolution_timer_cooldown").release();
       GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_next_resolution_, OnNextResolution, this, nullptr);
       grpc_timer_init(&next_resolution_timer_,
-                      ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + time_until_next_resolution,
+                      Timestamp::Now() + time_until_next_resolution,
                       &on_next_resolution_);
       return;
     }
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ void PollingResolver::MaybeStartResolvingLocked() {
 
 void PollingResolver::StartResolvingLocked() {
   request_ = StartRequest();
-  last_resolution_timestamp_ = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  last_resolution_timestamp_ = Timestamp::Now();
   if (GPR_UNLIKELY(tracer_ != nullptr && tracer_->enabled())) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[polling resolver %p] starting resolution, request_=%p",
             this, request_.get());

src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/retry_filter.cc

@@ -725,8 +725,7 @@ RetryFilter::CallData::CallAttempt::CallAttempt(CallData* calld,
   if (calld->retry_policy_ != nullptr &&
       calld->retry_policy_->per_attempt_recv_timeout().has_value()) {
     Timestamp per_attempt_recv_deadline =
-        ExecCtx::Get()->Now() +
+        Timestamp::Now() + *calld->retry_policy_->per_attempt_recv_timeout();
-        *calld->retry_policy_->per_attempt_recv_timeout();
     if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_retry_trace)) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
               "chand=%p calld=%p attempt=%p: per-attempt timeout in %" PRId64
@@ -2604,7 +2603,7 @@ void RetryFilter::CallData::StartRetryTimer(
   Timestamp next_attempt_time;
   if (server_pushback.has_value()) {
     GPR_ASSERT(*server_pushback >= Duration::Zero());
-    next_attempt_time = ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + *server_pushback;
+    next_attempt_time = Timestamp::Now() + *server_pushback;
     retry_backoff_.Reset();
   } else {
     next_attempt_time = retry_backoff_.NextAttemptTime();
@@ -2612,7 +2611,7 @@ void RetryFilter::CallData::StartRetryTimer(
   if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_retry_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
             "chand=%p calld=%p: retrying failed call in %" PRId64 " ms", chand_,
-            this, (next_attempt_time - ExecCtx::Get()->Now()).millis());
+            this, (next_attempt_time - Timestamp::Now()).millis());
   }
   // Schedule retry after computed delay.
   GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&retry_closure_, OnRetryTimer, this, nullptr);

src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/subchannel.cc

@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ void Subchannel::ResetBackoff() {
       GetDefaultEventEngine()->Cancel(retry_timer_handle_)) {
     OnRetryTimerLocked();
   } else if (state_ == GRPC_CHANNEL_CONNECTING) {
-    next_attempt_time_ = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    next_attempt_time_ = Timestamp::Now();
   }
 }
 
@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@ void Subchannel::OnRetryTimerLocked() {
 
 void Subchannel::StartConnectingLocked() {
   // Set next attempt time.
-  const Timestamp min_deadline = min_connect_timeout_ + ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  const Timestamp min_deadline = min_connect_timeout_ + Timestamp::Now();
   next_attempt_time_ = backoff_.NextAttemptTime();
   // Report CONNECTING.
   SetConnectivityStateLocked(GRPC_CHANNEL_CONNECTING, absl::OkStatus());
@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ void Subchannel::OnConnectingFinishedLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
   // transition back to IDLE.
   if (connecting_result_.transport == nullptr || !PublishTransportLocked()) {
     const Duration time_until_next_attempt =
-        next_attempt_time_ - ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+        next_attempt_time_ - Timestamp::Now();
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
             "subchannel %p %s: connect failed (%s), backing off for %" PRId64
             " ms",

src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/subchannel_stream_client.cc

@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/debug_location.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/sync.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/time.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/resource_quota/resource_quota.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/transport/error_utils.h"
 
@@ -128,7 +127,7 @@ void SubchannelStreamClient::StartRetryTimerLocked() {
   if (GPR_UNLIKELY(tracer_ != nullptr)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "%s %p: SubchannelStreamClient health check call lost...",
             tracer_, this);
-    Duration timeout = next_try - ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    Duration timeout = next_try - Timestamp::Now();
     if (timeout > Duration::Zero()) {
       gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "%s %p: ... will retry in %" PRId64 "ms.", tracer_,
               this, timeout.millis());

src/core/ext/filters/fault_injection/fault_injection_filter.cc

@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@
 #include "src/core/lib/config/core_configuration.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/debug/trace.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/time.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/promise/context.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/promise/sleep.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/promise/try_seq.h"
@@ -251,7 +250,7 @@ bool FaultInjectionFilter::InjectionDecision::HaveActiveFaultsQuota() const {
 Timestamp FaultInjectionFilter::InjectionDecision::DelayUntil() {
   if (delay_time_ != Duration::Zero() && HaveActiveFaultsQuota()) {
     active_fault_ = FaultHandle{true};
-    return ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + delay_time_;
+    return Timestamp::Now() + delay_time_;
   }
   return Timestamp::InfPast();
 }

src/core/ext/transport/chttp2/server/chttp2_server.cc

@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ void Chttp2ServerListener::ConfigFetcherWatcher::StopServing() {
 //
 
 Timestamp GetConnectionDeadline(const ChannelArgs& args) {
-  return ExecCtx::Get()->Now() +
+  return Timestamp::Now() +
          std::max(
              Duration::Milliseconds(1),
              args.GetDurationFromIntMillis(GRPC_ARG_SERVER_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT_MS)
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@ void Chttp2ServerListener::ActiveConnection::SendGoAway() {
                         this, nullptr);
       grpc_timer_init(
           &drain_grace_timer_,
-          ExecCtx::Get()->Now() +
+          Timestamp::Now() +
               std::max(
                   Duration::Zero(),
                   listener_->args_

src/core/ext/transport/chttp2/transport/chttp2_transport.cc

@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ static void init_keepalive_pings_if_enabled(grpc_chttp2_transport* t) {
     GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&t->init_keepalive_ping_locked, init_keepalive_ping, t,
                       grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
     grpc_timer_init(&t->keepalive_ping_timer,
-                    grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + t->keepalive_time,
+                    grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + t->keepalive_time,
                     &t->init_keepalive_ping_locked);
   } else {
     // Use GRPC_CHTTP2_KEEPALIVE_STATE_DISABLED to indicate there are no
@@ -1602,8 +1602,7 @@ class GracefulGoaway : public grpc_core::RefCounted<GracefulGoaway> {
     grpc_chttp2_initiate_write(t, GRPC_CHTTP2_INITIATE_WRITE_GOAWAY_SENT);
     Ref().release();  // Ref for the timer
     grpc_timer_init(
-        &timer_,
+        &timer_, grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(20),
-        grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(20),
         GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_timer_, OnTimer, this, nullptr));
   }
 
@@ -2647,7 +2646,7 @@ static void init_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
       GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&t->init_keepalive_ping_locked, init_keepalive_ping, t,
                         grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
       grpc_timer_init(&t->keepalive_ping_timer,
-                      grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + t->keepalive_time,
+                      grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + t->keepalive_time,
                       &t->init_keepalive_ping_locked);
     }
   } else if (error == GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED) {
@@ -2661,7 +2660,7 @@ static void init_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
     GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&t->init_keepalive_ping_locked, init_keepalive_ping, t,
                       grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
     grpc_timer_init(&t->keepalive_ping_timer,
-                    grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + t->keepalive_time,
+                    grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + t->keepalive_time,
                     &t->init_keepalive_ping_locked);
   }
   GRPC_CHTTP2_UNREF_TRANSPORT(t, "init keepalive ping");
@@ -2690,7 +2689,7 @@ static void start_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&t->keepalive_watchdog_fired_locked,
                     keepalive_watchdog_fired, t, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
   grpc_timer_init(&t->keepalive_watchdog_timer,
-                  grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + t->keepalive_timeout,
+                  grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + t->keepalive_timeout,
                   &t->keepalive_watchdog_fired_locked);
   t->keepalive_ping_started = true;
 }
@@ -2726,7 +2725,7 @@ static void finish_keepalive_ping_locked(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
       GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&t->init_keepalive_ping_locked, init_keepalive_ping, t,
                         grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
       grpc_timer_init(&t->keepalive_ping_timer,
-                      grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + t->keepalive_time,
+                      grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + t->keepalive_time,
                       &t->init_keepalive_ping_locked);
     }
   }

src/core/ext/transport/chttp2/transport/flow_control.cc

@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@
 #include "src/core/ext/transport/chttp2/transport/http2_settings.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/experiments/experiments.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gpr/useful.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/resource_quota/memory_quota.h"
 
 grpc_core::TraceFlag grpc_flowctl_trace(false, "flowctl");
@@ -114,7 +113,7 @@ TransportFlowControl::TransportFlowControl(const char* name,
                           .set_min_control_value(-1)
                           .set_max_control_value(25)
                           .set_integral_range(10)),
-      last_pid_update_(ExecCtx::Get()->Now()) {}
+      last_pid_update_(Timestamp::Now()) {}
 
 uint32_t TransportFlowControl::MaybeSendUpdate(bool writing_anyway) {
   const uint32_t target_announced_window =
@@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ double TransportFlowControl::TargetLogBdp() {
 }
 
 double TransportFlowControl::SmoothLogBdp(double value) {
-  Timestamp now = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  Timestamp now = Timestamp::Now();
   double bdp_error = value - pid_controller_.last_control_value();
   const double dt = (now - last_pid_update_).seconds();
   last_pid_update_ = now;

src/core/ext/transport/chttp2/transport/frame_ping.cc

@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@
 #include "src/core/ext/transport/chttp2/transport/internal.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/transport/chttp2/transport/stream_map.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/time.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 
 static bool g_disable_ping_ack = false;
 
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ grpc_error_handle grpc_chttp2_ping_parser_parse(void* parser,
       grpc_chttp2_ack_ping(t, p->opaque_8bytes);
     } else {
       if (!t->is_client) {
-        grpc_core::Timestamp now = grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+        grpc_core::Timestamp now = grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
         grpc_core::Timestamp next_allowed_ping =
             t->ping_recv_state.last_ping_recv_time +
             t->ping_policy.min_recv_ping_interval_without_data;

src/core/ext/transport/chttp2/transport/hpack_encoder.cc

@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@
 #include "src/core/ext/transport/chttp2/transport/hpack_constants.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/transport/chttp2/transport/hpack_encoder_table.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/transport/chttp2/transport/varint.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/surface/validate_metadata.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/transport/timeout_encoding.h"
 
@@ -519,7 +518,7 @@ void HPackCompressor::Framer::EncodeRepeatingSliceValue(
 }
 
 void HPackCompressor::Framer::Encode(GrpcTimeoutMetadata, Timestamp deadline) {
-  Timeout timeout = Timeout::FromDuration(deadline - ExecCtx::Get()->Now());
+  Timeout timeout = Timeout::FromDuration(deadline - Timestamp::Now());
   for (auto it = compressor_->previous_timeouts_.begin();
        it != compressor_->previous_timeouts_.end(); ++it) {
     double ratio = timeout.RatioVersus(it->timeout);

src/core/ext/transport/chttp2/transport/writing.cc

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ static void maybe_initiate_ping(grpc_chttp2_transport* t) {
   // in a loop while draining the currently-held combiner. Also see
   // https://github.com/grpc/grpc/issues/26079.
   grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->InvalidateNow();
-  grpc_core::Timestamp now = grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  grpc_core::Timestamp now = grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
 
   grpc_core::Duration next_allowed_ping_interval = grpc_core::Duration::Zero();
   if (t->is_client) {

src/core/ext/xds/xds_client.cc

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/orphanable.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/ref_counted_ptr.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/sync.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/uri/uri_parser.h"
 
 #define GRPC_XDS_INITIAL_CONNECT_BACKOFF_SECONDS 1
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ class XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState
     XdsClient* xds_client() const { return ads_call_state_->xds_client(); }
 
     AdsCallState* ads_call_state_;
-    const Timestamp update_time_ = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    const Timestamp update_time_ = Timestamp::Now();
     Result result_;
   };
 
@@ -626,7 +627,7 @@ void XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall<T>::StartRetryTimerLocked() {
   if (shutting_down_) return;
   const Timestamp next_attempt_time = backoff_.NextAttemptTime();
   const Duration timeout =
-      std::max(next_attempt_time - ExecCtx::Get()->Now(), Duration::Zero());
+      std::max(next_attempt_time - Timestamp::Now(), Duration::Zero());
   if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
             "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: call attempt failed; "
@@ -1958,7 +1959,7 @@ XdsApi::ClusterLoadReportMap XdsClient::BuildLoadReportSnapshotLocked(
       }
     }
     // Compute load report interval.
-    const Timestamp now = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    const Timestamp now = Timestamp::Now();
     snapshot.load_report_interval = now - load_report.last_report_time;
     load_report.last_report_time = now;
     // Record snapshot.

src/core/ext/xds/xds_client.h

@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/sync.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/time.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/work_serializer.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/uri/uri_parser.h"
 
 namespace grpc_core {
@@ -252,7 +251,7 @@ class XdsClient : public DualRefCounted<XdsClient> {
     std::map<RefCountedPtr<XdsLocalityName>, LocalityState,
              XdsLocalityName::Less>
         locality_stats;
-    Timestamp last_report_time = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    Timestamp last_report_time = Timestamp::Now();
   };
 
   // Load report data.

src/core/lib/backoff/backoff.cc

@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
-
 namespace grpc_core {
 
 BackOff::BackOff(const Options& options) : options_(options) { Reset(); }
@@ -31,14 +29,14 @@ BackOff::BackOff(const Options& options) : options_(options) { Reset(); }
 Timestamp BackOff::NextAttemptTime() {
   if (initial_) {
     initial_ = false;
-    return current_backoff_ + ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    return current_backoff_ + Timestamp::Now();
   }
   current_backoff_ = std::min(current_backoff_ * options_.multiplier(),
                               options_.max_backoff());
   const Duration jitter = Duration::FromSecondsAsDouble(
       absl::Uniform(rand_gen_, -options_.jitter() * current_backoff_.seconds(),
                     options_.jitter() * current_backoff_.seconds()));
-  return ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + current_backoff_ + jitter;
+  return Timestamp::Now() + current_backoff_ + jitter;
 }
 
 void BackOff::Reset() {

src/core/lib/channel/channel_trace.cc

@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@
 #include "src/core/lib/channel/channelz.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gpr/string.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/time.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_internal.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_refcount.h"
 
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ ChannelTrace::TraceEvent::TraceEvent(Severity severity, const grpc_slice& data,
                                      RefCountedPtr<BaseNode> referenced_entity)
     : severity_(severity),
       data_(data),
-      timestamp_(ExecCtx::Get()->Now().as_timespec(GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME)),
+      timestamp_(Timestamp::Now().as_timespec(GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME)),
       next_(nullptr),
       referenced_entity_(std::move(referenced_entity)),
       memory_usage_(sizeof(TraceEvent) + grpc_slice_memory_usage(data)) {}
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ ChannelTrace::TraceEvent::TraceEvent(Severity severity, const grpc_slice& data,
 ChannelTrace::TraceEvent::TraceEvent(Severity severity, const grpc_slice& data)
     : severity_(severity),
       data_(data),
-      timestamp_(ExecCtx::Get()->Now().as_timespec(GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME)),
+      timestamp_(Timestamp::Now().as_timespec(GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME)),
       next_(nullptr),
       memory_usage_(sizeof(TraceEvent) + grpc_slice_memory_usage(data)) {}
 
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ ChannelTrace::ChannelTrace(size_t max_event_memory)
     return;  // tracing is disabled if max_event_memory_ == 0
   }
   gpr_mu_init(&tracer_mu_);
-  time_created_ = ExecCtx::Get()->Now().as_timespec(GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME);
+  time_created_ = Timestamp::Now().as_timespec(GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME);
 }
 
 ChannelTrace::~ChannelTrace() {

src/core/lib/gpr/time_precise.h

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 // low as a usec. Use other clock sources or gpr_precise_clock_now(),
 // where you need high resolution clocks.
 //
-// Using gpr_get_cycle_counter() is preferred to using ExecCtx::Get()->Now()
+// Using gpr_get_cycle_counter() is preferred to using Timestamp::Now()
 // whenever possible.
 
 #if GPR_CYCLE_COUNTER_CUSTOM

src/core/lib/gprpp/time.cc

@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
 #include <grpc/impl/codegen/gpr_types.h>
 #include <grpc/support/log.h>
 
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/no_destruct.h"
+
 namespace grpc_core {
 
 namespace {
@@ -35,6 +37,13 @@ namespace {
 std::atomic<int64_t> g_process_epoch_seconds;
 std::atomic<gpr_cycle_counter> g_process_epoch_cycles;
 
+class GprNowTimeSource final : public Timestamp::Source {
+ public:
+  Timestamp Now() override {
+    return Timestamp::FromTimespecRoundDown(gpr_now(GPR_CLOCK_MONOTONIC));
+  }
+};
+
 GPR_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE std::pair<int64_t, gpr_cycle_counter> InitTime() {
   gpr_cycle_counter cycles_start = 0;
   gpr_cycle_counter cycles_end = 0;
@@ -133,6 +142,18 @@ int64_t TimespanToMillisRoundDown(gpr_timespec ts) {
 
 }  // namespace
 
+GPR_THREAD_LOCAL(Timestamp::Source*)
+Timestamp::thread_local_time_source_{
+    NoDestructSingleton<GprNowTimeSource>::Get()};
+
+Timestamp ScopedTimeCache::Now() {
+  if (!cached_time_.has_value()) {
+    previous()->InvalidateCache();
+    cached_time_ = previous()->Now();
+  }
+  return cached_time_.value();
+}
+
 Timestamp Timestamp::FromTimespecRoundUp(gpr_timespec ts) {
   return FromMillisecondsAfterProcessEpoch(TimespanToMillisRoundUp(gpr_time_sub(
       gpr_convert_clock_type(ts, GPR_CLOCK_MONOTONIC), StartTime())));

src/core/lib/gprpp/time.h

@@ -23,11 +23,14 @@
 #include <ostream>
 #include <string>
 
+#include "absl/types/optional.h"
+
 #include <grpc/event_engine/event_engine.h>
 #include <grpc/impl/codegen/gpr_types.h>
 #include <grpc/support/time.h>
 
 #include "src/core/lib/gpr/time_precise.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/tls.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gpr/useful.h"
 
 namespace grpc_core {
@@ -61,6 +64,35 @@ class Duration;
 // Timestamp represents a discrete point in time.
 class Timestamp {
  public:
+  // Base interface for time providers.
+  class Source {
+   public:
+    // Return the current time.
+    virtual Timestamp Now() = 0;
+    virtual void InvalidateCache() {}
+
+   protected:
+    // We don't delete through this interface, so non-virtual dtor is fine.
+    ~Source() = default;
+  };
+
+  class ScopedSource : public Source {
+   public:
+    ScopedSource() : previous_(thread_local_time_source_) {
+      thread_local_time_source_ = this;
+    }
+    ScopedSource(const ScopedSource&) = delete;
+    ScopedSource& operator=(const ScopedSource&) = delete;
+    void InvalidateCache() override { previous_->InvalidateCache(); }
+
+   protected:
+    ~ScopedSource() { thread_local_time_source_ = previous_; }
+    Source* previous() const { return previous_; }
+
+   private:
+    Source* const previous_;
+  };
+
   constexpr Timestamp() = default;
   // Constructs a Timestamp from a gpr_timespec.
   static Timestamp FromTimespecRoundDown(gpr_timespec t);
@@ -70,6 +102,8 @@ class Timestamp {
   static Timestamp FromCycleCounterRoundUp(gpr_cycle_counter c);
   static Timestamp FromCycleCounterRoundDown(gpr_cycle_counter c);
 
+  static Timestamp Now() { return thread_local_time_source_->Now(); }
+
   static constexpr Timestamp FromMillisecondsAfterProcessEpoch(int64_t millis) {
     return Timestamp(millis);
   }
@@ -116,6 +150,21 @@ class Timestamp {
   explicit constexpr Timestamp(int64_t millis) : millis_(millis) {}
 
   int64_t millis_ = 0;
+  static GPR_THREAD_LOCAL(Timestamp::Source*) thread_local_time_source_;
+};
+
+class ScopedTimeCache final : public Timestamp::ScopedSource {
+ public:
+  Timestamp Now() override;
+
+  void InvalidateCache() override {
+    cached_time_ = absl::nullopt;
+    Timestamp::ScopedSource::InvalidateCache();
+  }
+  void TestOnlySetNow(Timestamp now) { cached_time_ = now; }
+
+ private:
+  absl::optional<Timestamp> cached_time_;
 };
 
 // Duration represents a span of time.

src/core/lib/iomgr/ev_epoll1_linux.cc

@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ static void pollset_shutdown(grpc_pollset* pollset, grpc_closure* closure) {
 
 static int poll_deadline_to_millis_timeout(grpc_core::Timestamp millis) {
   if (millis == grpc_core::Timestamp::InfFuture()) return -1;
-  int64_t delta = (millis - grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now()).millis();
+  int64_t delta = (millis - grpc_core::Timestamp::Now()).millis();
   if (delta > INT_MAX) {
     return INT_MAX;
   } else if (delta < 0) {

src/core/lib/iomgr/ev_poll_posix.cc

@@ -947,7 +947,7 @@ static grpc_error_handle pollset_work(grpc_pollset* pollset,
   while (keep_polling) {
     keep_polling = 0;
     if (!pollset->kicked_without_pollers ||
-        deadline <= grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now()) {
+        deadline <= grpc_core::Timestamp::Now()) {
       if (!added_worker) {
         push_front_worker(pollset, &worker);
         added_worker = 1;
@@ -1145,7 +1145,7 @@ static void pollset_shutdown(grpc_pollset* pollset, grpc_closure* closure) {
 static int poll_deadline_to_millis_timeout(grpc_core::Timestamp deadline) {
   if (deadline == grpc_core::Timestamp::InfFuture()) return -1;
   if (deadline.is_process_epoch()) return 0;
-  int64_t n = (deadline - grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now()).millis();
+  int64_t n = (deadline - grpc_core::Timestamp::Now()).millis();
   if (n < 0) return 0;
   if (n > INT_MAX) return -1;
   return static_cast<int>(n);

src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.cc

@@ -77,14 +77,6 @@ bool ExecCtx::Flush() {
   return did_something;
 }
 
-Timestamp ExecCtx::Now() {
-  if (!now_is_valid_) {
-    now_ = Timestamp::FromTimespecRoundDown(gpr_now(GPR_CLOCK_MONOTONIC));
-    now_is_valid_ = true;
-  }
-  return now_;
-}
-
 void ExecCtx::Run(const DebugLocation& location, grpc_closure* closure,
                   grpc_error_handle error) {
   (void)location;

src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h

@@ -176,30 +176,14 @@ class ExecCtx {
     }
   }
 
-  /** Returns the stored current time relative to start if valid,
+  Timestamp Now() { return Timestamp::Now(); }
-   *  otherwise refreshes the stored time, sets it valid and returns the new
+  void InvalidateNow() { time_cache_.InvalidateCache(); }
-   *  value.
-   */
-  Timestamp Now();
-
-  /** Invalidates the stored time value. A new time value will be set on calling
-   *  Now().
-   */
-  void InvalidateNow() { now_is_valid_ = false; }
-
-  /** To be used only by shutdown code in iomgr */
   void SetNowIomgrShutdown() {
-    now_ = Timestamp::InfFuture();
+    // We get to do a test only set now on this path just because iomgr
-    now_is_valid_ = true;
+    // is getting removed and no point adding more interfaces for it.
-  }
+    time_cache_.TestOnlySetNow(Timestamp::InfFuture());
-
-  /** To be used only for testing.
-   *  Sets the now value.
-   */
-  void TestOnlySetNow(Timestamp new_val) {
-    now_ = new_val;
-    now_is_valid_ = true;
   }
+  void TestOnlySetNow(Timestamp now) { time_cache_.TestOnlySetNow(now); }
 
   /** Gets pointer to current exec_ctx. */
   static ExecCtx* Get() { return exec_ctx_; }
@@ -226,9 +210,7 @@ class ExecCtx {
 
   unsigned starting_cpu_ = std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max();
 
-  bool now_is_valid_ = false;
+  ScopedTimeCache time_cache_;
-  Timestamp now_;
-
   static GPR_THREAD_LOCAL(ExecCtx*) exec_ctx_;
   ExecCtx* last_exec_ctx_ = Get();
 };

src/core/lib/iomgr/iocp_windows.cc

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ static DWORD deadline_to_millis_timeout(grpc_core::Timestamp deadline) {
   if (deadline == grpc_core::Timestamp::InfFuture()) {
     return INFINITE;
   }
-  grpc_core::Timestamp now = grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  grpc_core::Timestamp now = grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
   if (deadline < now) return 0;
   grpc_core::Duration timeout = deadline - now;
   if (timeout.millis() > std::numeric_limits<DWORD>::max()) return INFINITE;

src/core/lib/iomgr/tcp_posix.cc

@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ static void run_poller(void* bp, grpc_error_handle /*error_ignored*/) {
   }
   gpr_mu_lock(p->pollset_mu);
   grpc_core::Timestamp deadline =
-      grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(10);
+      grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(10);
   GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR(
       "backup_poller:pollset_work",
       grpc_pollset_work(BACKUP_POLLER_POLLSET(p), nullptr, deadline));

src/core/lib/iomgr/timer_generic.cc

@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ static void timer_list_init() {
   g_shared_mutables.initialized = true;
   g_shared_mutables.checker_mu = GPR_SPINLOCK_INITIALIZER;
   gpr_mu_init(&g_shared_mutables.mu);
-  g_shared_mutables.min_timer = grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  g_shared_mutables.min_timer = grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
 
   g_last_seen_min_timer = 0;
 
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ static void timer_init(grpc_timer* timer, grpc_core::Timestamp deadline,
   if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_timer_trace)) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "TIMER %p: SET %" PRId64 " now %" PRId64 " call %p[%p]",
             timer, deadline.milliseconds_after_process_epoch(),
-            grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now().milliseconds_after_process_epoch(),
+            grpc_core::Timestamp::Now().milliseconds_after_process_epoch(),
             closure, closure->cb);
   }
 
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ static void timer_init(grpc_timer* timer, grpc_core::Timestamp deadline,
 
   gpr_mu_lock(&shard->mu);
   timer->pending = true;
-  grpc_core::Timestamp now = grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  grpc_core::Timestamp now = grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
   if (deadline <= now) {
     timer->pending = false;
     grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, timer->closure, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ static grpc_timer_check_result run_some_expired_timers(
 
 static grpc_timer_check_result timer_check(grpc_core::Timestamp* next) {
   // prelude
-  grpc_core::Timestamp now = grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  grpc_core::Timestamp now = grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
 
   /* fetch from a thread-local first: this avoids contention on a globally
      mutable cacheline in the common case */

src/core/lib/iomgr/timer_manager.cc

@@ -184,8 +184,7 @@ static bool wait_until(grpc_core::Timestamp next) {
         g_timed_waiter_deadline = next;
 
         if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_timer_check_trace)) {
-          grpc_core::Duration wait_time =
+          grpc_core::Duration wait_time = next - grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
-              next - grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
           gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "sleep for a %" PRId64 " milliseconds",
                   wait_time.millis());
         }

src/core/lib/promise/sleep.cc

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Poll<absl::Status> Sleep::operator()() {
   // TODO(ctiller): the following can be safely removed when we remove ExecCtx.
   ExecCtx::Get()->InvalidateNow();
   // If the deadline is earlier than now we can just return.
-  if (deadline_ <= ExecCtx::Get()->Now()) return absl::OkStatus();
+  if (deadline_ <= Timestamp::Now()) return absl::OkStatus();
   if (closure_ == nullptr) {
     // TODO(ctiller): it's likely we'll want a pool of closures - probably per
     // cpu? - to avoid allocating/deallocating on fast paths.
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Poll<absl::Status> Sleep::operator()() {
 Sleep::ActiveClosure::ActiveClosure(Timestamp deadline)
     : waker_(Activity::current()->MakeOwningWaker()),
       timer_handle_(GetDefaultEventEngine()->RunAfter(
-          deadline - ExecCtx::Get()->Now(), this)) {}
+          deadline - Timestamp::Now(), this)) {}
 
 void Sleep::ActiveClosure::Run() {
   ApplicationCallbackExecCtx callback_exec_ctx;

src/core/lib/resource_quota/periodic_update.cc

@@ -19,13 +19,12 @@
 #include <atomic>
 
 #include "src/core/lib/gpr/useful.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 
 namespace grpc_core {
 
 bool PeriodicUpdate::MaybeEndPeriod(absl::FunctionRef<void(Duration)> f) {
   if (period_start_ == Timestamp::ProcessEpoch()) {
-    period_start_ = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    period_start_ = Timestamp::Now();
     updates_remaining_.store(1, std::memory_order_release);
     return false;
   }
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ bool PeriodicUpdate::MaybeEndPeriod(absl::FunctionRef<void(Duration)> f) {
   // We can now safely mutate any non-atomic mutable variables (we've got a
   // guarantee that no other thread will), and by the time this function returns
   // we must store a postive number into updates_remaining_.
-  auto now = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  auto now = Timestamp::Now();
   Duration time_so_far = now - period_start_;
   if (time_so_far < period_) {
     // At most double the number of updates remaining until the next period.

src/core/lib/security/credentials/google_default/google_default_credentials.cc

@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ static int is_metadata_server_reachable() {
   GPR_ASSERT(uri.ok());  // params are hardcoded
   auto http_request = grpc_core::HttpRequest::Get(
       std::move(*uri), nullptr /* channel args */, &detector.pollent, &request,
-      grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + max_detection_delay,
+      grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + max_detection_delay,
       GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(on_metadata_server_detection_http_response, &detector,
                           grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx),
       &detector.response,

src/core/lib/security/credentials/jwt/jwt_verifier.cc

@@ -733,7 +733,7 @@ static void on_openid_config_retrieved(void* user_data,
   }
   ctx->http_request = grpc_core::HttpRequest::Get(
       std::move(*uri), nullptr /* channel args */, &ctx->pollent, &req,
-      grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + grpc_jwt_verifier_max_delay,
+      grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + grpc_jwt_verifier_max_delay,
       GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(on_keys_retrieved, ctx, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx),
       &ctx->responses[HTTP_RESPONSE_KEYS],
       grpc_core::CreateHttpRequestSSLCredentials());
@@ -864,7 +864,7 @@ static void retrieve_key_and_verify(verifier_cb_ctx* ctx) {
   }
   ctx->http_request = grpc_core::HttpRequest::Get(
       std::move(*uri), nullptr /* channel args */, &ctx->pollent, &req,
-      grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + grpc_jwt_verifier_max_delay, http_cb,
+      grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + grpc_jwt_verifier_max_delay, http_cb,
       &ctx->responses[rsp_idx], grpc_core::CreateHttpRequestSSLCredentials());
   ctx->http_request->Start();
   gpr_free(host);

src/core/lib/security/credentials/oauth2/oauth2_credentials.cc

@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/ref_counted_ptr.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/http/httpcli_ssl_credentials.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/load_file.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/pollset_set.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/json/json.h"
@@ -335,7 +334,7 @@ grpc_oauth2_token_fetcher_credentials::GetRequestMetadata(
   if (start_fetch) {
     fetch_oauth2(new grpc_credentials_metadata_request(Ref()), &pollent_,
                  on_oauth2_token_fetcher_http_response,
-                 grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + refresh_threshold);
+                 grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + refresh_threshold);
   }
   return
       [pending_request]()

src/core/lib/surface/completion_queue.cc

@@ -929,7 +929,7 @@ class ExecCtxNext : public grpc_core::ExecCtx {
         return true;
       }
     }
-    return !a->first_loop && a->deadline < grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    return !a->first_loop && a->deadline < grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
   }
 
  private:
@@ -1033,7 +1033,7 @@ static grpc_event cq_next(grpc_completion_queue* cq, gpr_timespec deadline,
     }
 
     if (!is_finished_arg.first_loop &&
-        grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() >= deadline_millis) {
+        grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() >= deadline_millis) {
       ret.type = GRPC_QUEUE_TIMEOUT;
       ret.success = 0;
       dump_pending_tags(cq);
@@ -1188,7 +1188,7 @@ class ExecCtxPluck : public grpc_core::ExecCtx {
       }
       gpr_mu_unlock(cq->mu);
     }
-    return !a->first_loop && a->deadline < grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    return !a->first_loop && a->deadline < grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
   }
 
  private:
@@ -1279,7 +1279,7 @@ static grpc_event cq_pluck(grpc_completion_queue* cq, void* tag,
       break;
     }
     if (!is_finished_arg.first_loop &&
-        grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() >= deadline_millis) {
+        grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() >= deadline_millis) {
       del_plucker(cq, tag, &worker);
       gpr_mu_unlock(cq->mu);
       ret.type = GRPC_QUEUE_TIMEOUT;

src/core/lib/transport/bdp_estimator.cc

@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
-
 grpc_core::TraceFlag grpc_bdp_estimator_trace(false, "bdp_estimator");
 
 namespace grpc_core {
@@ -82,7 +80,7 @@ Timestamp BdpEstimator::CompletePing() {
   }
   ping_state_ = PingState::UNSCHEDULED;
   accumulator_ = 0;
-  return ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + inter_ping_delay_;
+  return Timestamp::Now() + inter_ping_delay_;
 }
 
 }  // namespace grpc_core

src/core/lib/transport/metadata_batch.cc

@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 #include "absl/strings/match.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
 
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/transport/timeout_encoding.h"
 
 namespace grpc_core {
@@ -120,11 +119,11 @@ GrpcTimeoutMetadata::ValueType GrpcTimeoutMetadata::MementoToValue(
   if (timeout == Duration::Infinity()) {
     return Timestamp::InfFuture();
   }
-  return ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + timeout;
+  return Timestamp::Now() + timeout;
 }
 
 Slice GrpcTimeoutMetadata::Encode(ValueType x) {
-  return Timeout::FromDuration(x - ExecCtx::Get()->Now()).Encode();
+  return Timeout::FromDuration(x - Timestamp::Now()).Encode();
 }
 
 TeMetadata::MementoType TeMetadata::ParseMemento(

src/core/lib/transport/status_conversion.cc

@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@
 
 #include "src/core/lib/transport/status_conversion.h"
 
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/exec_ctx.h"
-
 grpc_http2_error_code grpc_status_to_http2_error(grpc_status_code status) {
   switch (status) {
     case GRPC_STATUS_OK:
@@ -50,7 +48,7 @@ grpc_status_code grpc_http2_error_to_grpc_status(
     case GRPC_HTTP2_CANCEL:
       /* http2 cancel translates to STATUS_CANCELLED iff deadline hasn't been
        * exceeded */
-      return grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() > deadline
+      return grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() > deadline
                  ? GRPC_STATUS_DEADLINE_EXCEEDED
                  : GRPC_STATUS_CANCELLED;
     case GRPC_HTTP2_ENHANCE_YOUR_CALM:

test/core/backoff/backoff_test.cc

@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ TEST(BackOffTest, ConstantBackOff) {
   BackOff backoff(options);
 
   grpc_core::Timestamp next_attempt_start_time = backoff.NextAttemptTime();
-  EXPECT_EQ(next_attempt_start_time - grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now(),
+  EXPECT_EQ(next_attempt_start_time - grpc_core::Timestamp::Now(),
             initial_backoff);
   for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
     next_attempt_start_time = backoff.NextAttemptTime();
-    EXPECT_EQ(next_attempt_start_time - grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now(),
+    EXPECT_EQ(next_attempt_start_time - grpc_core::Timestamp::Now(),
               initial_backoff);
   }
 }
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ TEST(BackOffTest, MinConnect) {
       .set_max_backoff(max_backoff);
   BackOff backoff(options);
   grpc_core::Timestamp next = backoff.NextAttemptTime();
-  EXPECT_EQ(next - grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now(), initial_backoff);
+  EXPECT_EQ(next - grpc_core::Timestamp::Now(), initial_backoff);
 }
 
 TEST(BackOffTest, NoJitterBackOff) {
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ TEST(BackOffTest, JitterBackOff) {
 
   grpc_core::ExecCtx exec_ctx;
   grpc_core::Timestamp next = backoff.NextAttemptTime();
-  EXPECT_EQ(next - grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now(), initial_backoff);
+  EXPECT_EQ(next - grpc_core::Timestamp::Now(), initial_backoff);
 
   auto expected_next_lower_bound = grpc_core::Duration::Milliseconds(
       static_cast<double>(current_backoff.millis()) * (1 - jitter));
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ TEST(BackOffTest, JitterBackOff) {
     // next-now must be within (jitter*100)% of the current backoff (which
     // increases by * multiplier up to max_backoff).
     const grpc_core::Duration timeout_millis =
-        next - grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+        next - grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
     EXPECT_GE(timeout_millis, expected_next_lower_bound);
     EXPECT_LE(timeout_millis, expected_next_upper_bound);
     current_backoff = std::min(

test/core/client_channel/resolvers/dns_resolver_cooldown_test.cc

@@ -94,11 +94,11 @@ class TestDNSResolver : public grpc_core::DNSResolver {
       last_resolution_time = now;
     }
     // For correct time diff comparisons, make sure that any subsequent calls
-    // to grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() on this thread don't return a time
+    // to grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() on this thread don't return a time
     // which is earlier than that returned by the call(s) to
     // gpr_now(GPR_CLOCK_MONOTONIC) within this function. This is important
     // because the resolver's last_resolution_timestamp_ will be taken from
-    // grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() right after this returns.
+    // grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() right after this returns.
     grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->InvalidateNow();
     return result;
   }
@@ -164,11 +164,11 @@ static grpc_ares_request* test_dns_lookup_ares(
   }
   last_resolution_time = now;
   // For correct time diff comparisons, make sure that any subsequent calls
-  // to grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() on this thread don't return a time
+  // to grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() on this thread don't return a time
   // which is earlier than that returned by the call(s) to
   // gpr_now(GPR_CLOCK_MONOTONIC) within this function. This is important
   // because the resolver's last_resolution_timestamp_ will be taken from
-  // grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() right after this returns.
+  // grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() right after this returns.
   grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->InvalidateNow();
   return result;
 }
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ static void poll_pollset_until_request_done(iomgr_args* args) {
     if (done) {
       break;
     }
-    grpc_core::Duration time_left = deadline - grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    grpc_core::Duration time_left = deadline - grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
     gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "done=%d, time_left=%" PRId64, done, time_left.millis());
     ASSERT_GE(time_left, grpc_core::Duration::Zero());
     grpc_pollset_worker* worker = nullptr;

test/core/end2end/fixtures/http_proxy_fixture.cc

@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ static void on_read_request_done_locked(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   // Connect to requested address.
   // The connection callback inherits our reference to conn.
   const grpc_core::Timestamp deadline =
-      grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(10);
+      grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(10);
   GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&conn->on_server_connect_done, on_server_connect_done, conn,
                     grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
   auto args = grpc_core::CoreConfiguration::Get()
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ static void thread_main(void* arg) {
     gpr_mu_lock(proxy->mu);
     GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR("grpc_pollset_work",
                       grpc_pollset_work(proxy->pollset[0], &worker,
-                                        grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() +
+                                        grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() +
                                             grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(1)));
     gpr_mu_unlock(proxy->mu);
     grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Flush();

test/core/end2end/fuzzers/api_fuzzer.cc

@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class FuzzerDNSResolver : public grpc_core::DNSResolver {
         : name_(std::string(name)), on_done_(std::move(on_done)) {
       grpc_timer_init(
           &timer_,
-          grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(1) + grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now(),
+          grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(1) + grpc_core::Timestamp::Now(),
           GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(FinishResolve, this, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx));
     }
 
@@ -242,8 +242,7 @@ grpc_ares_request* my_dns_lookup_ares(
   r->on_done = on_done;
   r->addresses = addresses;
   grpc_timer_init(
-      &r->timer,
+      &r->timer, grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(1) + grpc_core::Timestamp::Now(),
-      grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(1) + grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now(),
       GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(finish_resolve, r, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx));
   return nullptr;
 }
@@ -308,8 +307,7 @@ static void sched_connect(grpc_closure* closure, grpc_endpoint** ep,
   fc->ep = ep;
   fc->deadline = deadline;
   grpc_timer_init(
-      &fc->timer,
+      &fc->timer, grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(1) + grpc_core::Timestamp::Now(),
-      grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(1) + grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now(),
       GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(do_connect, fc, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx));
 }
 

test/core/end2end/fuzzers/server_fuzzer.cc

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
     grpc_server_shutdown_and_notify(server, cq, tag(0xdead));
     grpc_server_cancel_all_calls(server);
     grpc_core::Timestamp deadline =
-        grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(5);
+        grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(5);
     for (int i = 0; i <= requested_calls; i++) {
       // A single grpc_completion_queue_next might not be sufficient for getting
       // the tag from shutdown, because we might potentially get blocked by
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
                                         nullptr);
         grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->InvalidateNow();
       } while (ev.type != GRPC_OP_COMPLETE &&
-               grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() < deadline);
+               grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() < deadline);
       GPR_ASSERT(ev.type == GRPC_OP_COMPLETE);
     }
     grpc_completion_queue_shutdown(cq);
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
                                         nullptr);
         grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->InvalidateNow();
       } while (ev.type != GRPC_QUEUE_SHUTDOWN &&
-               grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() < deadline);
+               grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() < deadline);
       GPR_ASSERT(ev.type == GRPC_QUEUE_SHUTDOWN);
     }
     grpc_server_destroy(server);

test/core/event_engine/posix/timer_manager_test.cc

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ namespace posix_engine {
 
 TEST(TimerManagerTest, StressTest) {
   grpc_core::ExecCtx exec_ctx;
-  auto now = exec_ctx.Now();
+  auto now = grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
   auto test_deadline = now + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(15);
   std::vector<Timer> timers;
   constexpr int kTimerCount = 500;
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ TEST(TimerManagerTest, StressTest) {
     // Wait for all callbacks to have been called
     while (called.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) < kTimerCount) {
       exec_ctx.InvalidateNow();
-      if (exec_ctx.Now() > test_deadline) {
+      if (grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() > test_deadline) {
         FAIL() << "Deadline exceeded. "
                << called.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) << "/" << kTimerCount
                << " callbacks executed";

test/core/iomgr/endpoint_tests.cc

@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ static void read_and_write_test(grpc_endpoint_test_config config,
   gpr_mu_lock(g_mu);
   while (!state.read_done || !state.write_done) {
     grpc_pollset_worker* worker = nullptr;
-    GPR_ASSERT(grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() < deadline);
+    GPR_ASSERT(grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() < deadline);
     GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR(
         "pollset_work", grpc_pollset_work(g_pollset, &worker, deadline)));
   }
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ static void wait_for_fail_count(int* fail_count, int want_fail_count) {
   gpr_mu_lock(g_mu);
   grpc_core::Timestamp deadline = grpc_core::Timestamp::FromTimespecRoundUp(
       grpc_timeout_seconds_to_deadline(10));
-  while (grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() < deadline &&
+  while (grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() < deadline &&
          *fail_count < want_fail_count) {
     grpc_pollset_worker* worker = nullptr;
     GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR(

test/core/iomgr/resolve_address_posix_test.cc

@@ -103,8 +103,7 @@ static void actually_poll(void* argsp) {
       if (args->done) {
         break;
       }
-      grpc_core::Duration time_left =
+      grpc_core::Duration time_left = deadline - grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
-          deadline - grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
       gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "done=%d, time_left=%" PRId64, args->done,
               time_left.millis());
       ASSERT_GE(time_left, grpc_core::Duration::Zero());

test/core/iomgr/resolve_address_test.cc

@@ -99,8 +99,7 @@ class ResolveAddressTest : public ::testing::Test {
         if (done_) {
           break;
         }
-        grpc_core::Duration time_left =
+        grpc_core::Duration time_left = deadline - grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
-            deadline - grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
         gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "done=%d, time_left=%" PRId64, done_,
                 time_left.millis());
         ASSERT_GE(time_left, grpc_core::Duration::Zero());

test/core/iomgr/tcp_server_posix_test.cc

@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ static grpc_error_handle tcp_connect(const test_addr* remote,
   }
   gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "wait");
   while (g_nconnects == nconnects_before &&
-         deadline > grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now()) {
+         deadline > grpc_core::Timestamp::Now()) {
     grpc_pollset_worker* worker = nullptr;
     grpc_error_handle err;
     if ((err = grpc_pollset_work(g_pollset, &worker, deadline)) !=

test/core/iomgr/timer_list_test.cc

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ static void add_test(void) {
   grpc_core::testing::grpc_tracer_enable_flag(&grpc_timer_check_trace);
   memset(cb_called, 0, sizeof(cb_called));
 
-  grpc_core::Timestamp start = grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  grpc_core::Timestamp start = grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
 
   /* 10 ms timers.  will expire in the current epoch */
   for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ void long_running_service_cleanup_test(void) {
 
   gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "long_running_service_cleanup_test");
 
-  grpc_core::Timestamp now = grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  grpc_core::Timestamp now = grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
   GPR_ASSERT(now.milliseconds_after_process_epoch() >= k25Days.millis());
   grpc_timer_list_init();
   grpc_core::testing::grpc_tracer_enable_flag(&grpc_timer_trace);

test/core/promise/sleep_test.cc

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ namespace {
 TEST(Sleep, Zzzz) {
   ExecCtx exec_ctx;
   absl::Notification done;
-  Timestamp done_time = ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + Duration::Seconds(1);
+  Timestamp done_time = Timestamp::Now() + Duration::Seconds(1);
   // Sleep for one second then set done to true.
   auto activity = MakeActivity(Sleep(done_time), InlineWakeupScheduler(),
                                [&done](absl::Status r) {
@@ -45,13 +45,13 @@ TEST(Sleep, Zzzz) {
                                });
   done.WaitForNotification();
   exec_ctx.InvalidateNow();
-  EXPECT_GE(ExecCtx::Get()->Now(), done_time);
+  EXPECT_GE(Timestamp::Now(), done_time);
 }
 
 TEST(Sleep, AlreadyDone) {
   ExecCtx exec_ctx;
   absl::Notification done;
-  Timestamp done_time = ExecCtx::Get()->Now() - Duration::Seconds(1);
+  Timestamp done_time = Timestamp::Now() - Duration::Seconds(1);
   // Sleep for no time at all then set done to true.
   auto activity = MakeActivity(Sleep(done_time), InlineWakeupScheduler(),
                                [&done](absl::Status r) {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ TEST(Sleep, AlreadyDone) {
 TEST(Sleep, Cancel) {
   ExecCtx exec_ctx;
   absl::Notification done;
-  Timestamp done_time = ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + Duration::Seconds(1);
+  Timestamp done_time = Timestamp::Now() + Duration::Seconds(1);
   // Sleep for one second but race it to complete immediately
   auto activity = MakeActivity(
       Race(Sleep(done_time), [] { return absl::CancelledError(); }),
@@ -74,14 +74,14 @@ TEST(Sleep, Cancel) {
       });
   done.WaitForNotification();
   exec_ctx.InvalidateNow();
-  EXPECT_LT(ExecCtx::Get()->Now(), done_time);
+  EXPECT_LT(Timestamp::Now(), done_time);
 }
 
 TEST(Sleep, MoveSemantics) {
   // ASAN should help determine if there are any memory leaks here
   ExecCtx exec_ctx;
   absl::Notification done;
-  Timestamp done_time = ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + Duration::Milliseconds(111);
+  Timestamp done_time = Timestamp::Now() + Duration::Milliseconds(111);
   Sleep donor(done_time);
   Sleep sleeper = std::move(donor);
   auto activity = MakeActivity(std::move(sleeper), InlineWakeupScheduler(),
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ TEST(Sleep, MoveSemantics) {
                                });
   done.WaitForNotification();
   exec_ctx.InvalidateNow();
-  EXPECT_GE(ExecCtx::Get()->Now(), done_time);
+  EXPECT_GE(Timestamp::Now(), done_time);
 }
 
 TEST(Sleep, StressTest) {
@@ -104,7 +104,8 @@ TEST(Sleep, StressTest) {
   for (int i = 0; i < kNumActivities; i++) {
     auto notification = std::make_shared<absl::Notification>();
     auto activity = MakeActivity(
-        Sleep(exec_ctx.Now() + Duration::Seconds(1)), ExecCtxWakeupScheduler(),
+        Sleep(Timestamp::Now() + Duration::Seconds(1)),
+        ExecCtxWakeupScheduler(),
         [notification](absl::Status /*r*/) { notification->Notify(); });
     notifications.push_back(std::move(notification));
     activities.push_back(std::move(activity));

test/core/resource_quota/periodic_update_test.cc

@@ -40,14 +40,14 @@ TEST(PeriodicUpdateTest, SimpleTest) {
   {
     ExecCtx exec_ctx;
     upd = absl::make_unique<PeriodicUpdate>(Duration::Seconds(1));
-    start = exec_ctx.Now();
+    start = Timestamp::Now();
   }
   // Wait until the first period has elapsed.
   bool done = false;
   while (!done) {
     ExecCtx exec_ctx;
     upd->Tick([&](Duration elapsed) {
-      reset_start = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+      reset_start = Timestamp::Now();
       EXPECT_GE(elapsed, Duration::Seconds(1));
       done = true;
     });
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ TEST(PeriodicUpdateTest, SimpleTest) {
   // Ensure that took at least 1 second.
   {
     ExecCtx exec_ctx;
-    EXPECT_GE(exec_ctx.Now() - start, Duration::Seconds(1));
+    EXPECT_GE(Timestamp::Now() - start, Duration::Seconds(1));
     start = reset_start;
   }
   // Do ten more update cycles
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ TEST(PeriodicUpdateTest, SimpleTest) {
     while (!done) {
       ExecCtx exec_ctx;
       upd->Tick([&](Duration) {
-        reset_start = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+        reset_start = Timestamp::Now();
-        EXPECT_GE(exec_ctx.Now() - start, Duration::Seconds(1));
+        EXPECT_GE(Timestamp::Now() - start, Duration::Seconds(1));
         done = true;
       });
     }
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ TEST(PeriodicUpdateTest, SimpleTest) {
     // allowance for the presumed inaccuracy of this type.
     {
       ExecCtx exec_ctx;
-      EXPECT_GE(exec_ctx.Now() - start, Duration::Seconds(1));
+      EXPECT_GE(Timestamp::Now() - start, Duration::Seconds(1));
-      EXPECT_LE(exec_ctx.Now() - start, Duration::Seconds(3));
+      EXPECT_LE(Timestamp::Now() - start, Duration::Seconds(3));
       start = reset_start;
     }
   }
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ TEST(PeriodicUpdate, ThreadTest) {
   {
     ExecCtx exec_ctx;
     upd = absl::make_unique<PeriodicUpdate>(Duration::Seconds(1));
-    start = exec_ctx.Now();
+    start = Timestamp::Now();
   }
   // Run ten threads all updating the counter continuously, for a total of ten
   // update cycles.
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@ TEST(PeriodicUpdate, ThreadTest) {
   // Ensure our ten cycles took at least 10 seconds, and no more than 30.
   {
     ExecCtx exec_ctx;
-    EXPECT_GE(exec_ctx.Now() - start, Duration::Seconds(10));
+    EXPECT_GE(Timestamp::Now() - start, Duration::Seconds(10));
-    EXPECT_LE(exec_ctx.Now() - start, Duration::Seconds(30));
+    EXPECT_LE(Timestamp::Now() - start, Duration::Seconds(30));
   }
 }
 

test/core/security/ssl_server_fuzzer.cc

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
         creds->create_security_connector(grpc_core::ChannelArgs());
     GPR_ASSERT(sc != nullptr);
     grpc_core::Timestamp deadline =
-        grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(1) + grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+        grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(1) + grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
 
     struct handshake_state state;
     state.done_callback_called = false;

test/core/surface/concurrent_connectivity_test.cc

@@ -159,8 +159,8 @@ void bad_server_thread(void* vargs) {
 
   gpr_mu_lock(args->mu);
   while (!args->stop.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
-    grpc_core::Timestamp deadline = grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() +
+    grpc_core::Timestamp deadline =
-                                    grpc_core::Duration::Milliseconds(100);
+        grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Milliseconds(100);
 
     grpc_pollset_worker* worker = nullptr;
     if (!GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR(

test/core/transport/binder/end2end/fuzzers/server_fuzzer.cc

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ DEFINE_PROTO_FUZZER(const binder_transport_fuzzer::Input& input) {
     grpc_server_shutdown_and_notify(server, cq, tag(0xdead));
     grpc_server_cancel_all_calls(server);
     grpc_core::Timestamp deadline =
-        grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(5);
+        grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(5);
     for (int i = 0; i <= requested_calls; i++) {
       // A single grpc_completion_queue_next might not be sufficient for getting
       // the tag from shutdown, because we might potentially get blocked by
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ DEFINE_PROTO_FUZZER(const binder_transport_fuzzer::Input& input) {
                                         nullptr);
         grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->InvalidateNow();
       } while (ev.type != GRPC_OP_COMPLETE &&
-               grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() < deadline);
+               grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() < deadline);
       GPR_ASSERT(ev.type == GRPC_OP_COMPLETE);
     }
     grpc_completion_queue_shutdown(cq);
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ DEFINE_PROTO_FUZZER(const binder_transport_fuzzer::Input& input) {
                                         nullptr);
         grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->InvalidateNow();
       } while (ev.type != GRPC_QUEUE_SHUTDOWN &&
-               grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() < deadline);
+               grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() < deadline);
       GPR_ASSERT(ev.type == GRPC_QUEUE_SHUTDOWN);
     }
     grpc_server_destroy(server);

test/core/transport/chttp2/flow_control_fuzzer.cc

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ void FlowControlFuzzer::Perform(const flow_control_fuzzer::Action& action) {
                                             kMaxAdvanceTimeMillis),
                                       GPR_TIMESPAN));
       exec_ctx.InvalidateNow();
-      if (exec_ctx.Now() >= next_bdp_ping_) {
+      if (Timestamp::Now() >= next_bdp_ping_) {
         scheduled_write_ = true;
       }
     } break;
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ void FlowControlFuzzer::Perform(const flow_control_fuzzer::Action& action) {
   }
   if (scheduled_write_) {
     SendToRemote send;
-    if (exec_ctx.Now() >= next_bdp_ping_) {
+    if (Timestamp::Now() >= next_bdp_ping_) {
       if (auto* bdp = tfc_->bdp_estimator()) {
         bdp->SchedulePing();
         bdp->StartPing();

test/core/transport/chttp2/settings_timeout_test.cc

@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class Client {
     grpc_tcp_client_connect(
         state.closure(), &endpoint_, pollset_set,
         grpc_event_engine::experimental::ChannelArgsEndpointConfig(args),
-        addresses_or->data(), ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + Duration::Seconds(1));
+        addresses_or->data(), Timestamp::Now() + Duration::Seconds(1));
     ASSERT_TRUE(PollUntilDone(&state, Timestamp::InfFuture()));
     ASSERT_EQ(GRPC_ERROR_NONE, state.error());
     grpc_pollset_set_destroy(pollset_set);
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class Client {
     bool retval = true;
     // Use a deadline of 3 seconds, which is a lot more than we should
     // need for a 1-second timeout, but this helps avoid flakes.
-    Timestamp deadline = ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + Duration::Seconds(3);
+    Timestamp deadline = Timestamp::Now() + Duration::Seconds(3);
     while (true) {
       EventState state;
       grpc_endpoint_read(endpoint_, &read_buffer, state.closure(),
@@ -226,15 +226,15 @@ class Client {
     while (true) {
       grpc_pollset_worker* worker = nullptr;
       gpr_mu_lock(mu_);
-      GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR("grpc_pollset_work",
+      GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR(
-                        grpc_pollset_work(pollset_, &worker,
+          "grpc_pollset_work",
-                                          ExecCtx::Get()->Now() +
+          grpc_pollset_work(pollset_, &worker,
-                                              Duration::Milliseconds(100)));
+                            Timestamp::Now() + Duration::Milliseconds(100)));
       // Flushes any work scheduled before or during polling.
       ExecCtx::Get()->Flush();
       gpr_mu_unlock(mu_);
       if (state != nullptr && state->done()) return true;
-      if (ExecCtx::Get()->Now() >= deadline) return false;
+      if (Timestamp::Now() >= deadline) return false;
     }
   }
 

test/core/util/passthru_endpoint.cc

@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ static void sched_next_channel_action_locked(half* m) {
   grpc_timer_init(&m->parent->channel_effects->timer,
                   grpc_core::Duration::Milliseconds(
                       m->parent->channel_effects->actions[0].wait_ms) +
-                      grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now(),
+                      grpc_core::Timestamp::Now(),
                   GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(do_next_sched_channel_action, m,
                                       grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx));
 }

test/core/util/port_server_client.cc

@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ void grpc_free_port_using_server(int port) {
     GPR_ASSERT(uri.ok());
     auto http_request = grpc_core::HttpRequest::Get(
         std::move(*uri), nullptr /* channel args */, &pr.pops, &req,
-        grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(30),
+        grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(30),
         GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(freed_port_from_server, &pr,
                             grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx),
         &rsp,
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ void grpc_free_port_using_server(int port) {
       if (!GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR(
               "pollset_work",
               grpc_pollset_work(grpc_polling_entity_pollset(&pr.pops), &worker,
-                                grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() +
+                                grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() +
                                     grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(1)))) {
         pr.done = 1;
       }
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ static void got_port_from_server(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
     GPR_ASSERT(uri.ok());
     pr->http_request = grpc_core::HttpRequest::Get(
         std::move(*uri), nullptr /* channel args */, &pr->pops, &req,
-        grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(30),
+        grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(30),
         GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(got_port_from_server, pr,
                             grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx),
         &pr->response,
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ int grpc_pick_port_using_server(void) {
     GPR_ASSERT(uri.ok());
     auto http_request = grpc_core::HttpRequest::Get(
         std::move(*uri), nullptr /* channel args */, &pr.pops, &req,
-        grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(30),
+        grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(30),
         GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(got_port_from_server, &pr,
                             grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx),
         &pr.response,
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ int grpc_pick_port_using_server(void) {
       if (!GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR(
               "pollset_work",
               grpc_pollset_work(grpc_polling_entity_pollset(&pr.pops), &worker,
-                                grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() +
+                                grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() +
                                     grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(1)))) {
         pr.port = 0;
       }

test/cpp/common/time_jump_test.cc

@@ -90,14 +90,13 @@ INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(TimeJump, TimeJumpTest,
 TEST_P(TimeJumpTest, TimerRunning) {
   grpc_core::ExecCtx exec_ctx;
   grpc_timer timer;
-  grpc_timer_init(
+  grpc_timer_init(&timer,
-      &timer,
+                  grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(3),
-      grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(3),
+                  GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(
-      GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(
+                      [](void*, grpc_error_handle error) {
-          [](void*, grpc_error_handle error) {
+                        GPR_ASSERT(error == GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED);
-            GPR_ASSERT(error == GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED);
+                      },
-          },
+                      nullptr, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx));
-          nullptr, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx));
   gpr_sleep_until(grpc_timeout_milliseconds_to_deadline(100));
   std::ostringstream cmd;
   cmd << "sudo date `date -v" << GetParam() << " \"+%m%d%H%M%y\"`";

test/cpp/common/timer_test.cc

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ TEST_F(TimerTest, OneTimerExpires) {
   int timer_fired = 0;
   grpc_timer_init(
       &timer,
-      grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Milliseconds(500),
+      grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Milliseconds(500),
       GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(
           [](void* arg, grpc_error_handle) {
             int* timer_fired = static_cast<int*>(arg);
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ TEST_F(TimerTest, MultipleTimersExpire) {
   int timer_fired = 0;
   for (int i = 0; i < kNumTimers; ++i) {
     grpc_timer_init(&timers[i],
-                    grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() +
+                    grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() +
                         grpc_core::Duration::Milliseconds(500) +
                         grpc_core::Duration::Milliseconds(i),
                     GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ TEST_F(TimerTest, CancelSomeTimers) {
     // and set a small firing time for timers which need to execute.
     grpc_timer_init(
         &timers[i],
-        grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() +
+        grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() +
             ((i < kNumTimers / 2) ? grpc_core ::Duration::Milliseconds(60000)
                                   : grpc_core ::Duration::Milliseconds(100) +
                                         grpc_core::Duration::Milliseconds(i)),
@@ -183,8 +183,7 @@ TEST_F(TimerTest, DISABLED_TimerNotCanceled) {
   grpc_core::ExecCtx exec_ctx;
   grpc_timer timer;
   grpc_timer_init(
-      &timer,
+      &timer, grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(10),
-      grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Seconds(10),
       GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE([](void*, grpc_error_handle) {}, nullptr,
                           grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx));
 }
@@ -198,17 +197,17 @@ TEST_F(TimerTest, DISABLED_CancelRace) {
   grpc_timer timers[kNumTimers];
   for (int i = 0; i < kNumTimers; ++i) {
     grpc_timer* arg = (i != 0) ? &timers[i - 1] : nullptr;
-    grpc_timer_init(&timers[i],
+    grpc_timer_init(
-                    grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() +
+        &timers[i],
-                        grpc_core::Duration::Milliseconds(100),
+        grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Milliseconds(100),
-                    GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(
+        GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(
-                        [](void* arg, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
+            [](void* arg, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
-                          grpc_timer* timer = static_cast<grpc_timer*>(arg);
+              grpc_timer* timer = static_cast<grpc_timer*>(arg);
-                          if (timer) {
+              if (timer) {
-                            grpc_timer_cancel(timer);
+                grpc_timer_cancel(timer);
-                          }
+              }
-                        },
+            },
-                        arg, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx));
+            arg, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx));
   }
   gpr_sleep_until(grpc_timeout_milliseconds_to_deadline(100));
 }
@@ -230,17 +229,17 @@ TEST_F(TimerTest, DISABLED_CancelNextTimer) {
     if (i < kNumTimers - 1) {
       arg = &timers[i + 1];
     }
-    grpc_timer_init(&timers[i],
+    grpc_timer_init(
-                    grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now() +
+        &timers[i],
-                        grpc_core::Duration::Milliseconds(100),
+        grpc_core::Timestamp::Now() + grpc_core::Duration::Milliseconds(100),
-                    GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(
+        GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(
-                        [](void* arg, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
+            [](void* arg, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
-                          grpc_timer* timer = static_cast<grpc_timer*>(arg);
+              grpc_timer* timer = static_cast<grpc_timer*>(arg);
-                          if (timer) {
+              if (timer) {
-                            grpc_timer_cancel(timer);
+                grpc_timer_cancel(timer);
-                          }
+              }
-                        },
+            },
-                        arg, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx));
+            arg, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx));
   }
   grpc_timer_cancel(&timers[0]);
   gpr_sleep_until(grpc_timeout_milliseconds_to_deadline(100));

test/cpp/end2end/connection_attempt_injector.cc

@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ ConnectionAttemptInjector::InjectedDelay::InjectedDelay(
     const grpc_resolved_address* addr, grpc_core::Timestamp deadline)
     : attempt_(closure, ep, interested_parties, config, addr, deadline) {
   GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&timer_callback_, TimerCallback, this, nullptr);
-  grpc_core::Timestamp now = grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  grpc_core::Timestamp now = grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
   duration = std::min(duration, deadline - now);
   grpc_timer_init(&timer_, now + duration, &timer_callback_);
 }

test/cpp/microbenchmarks/bm_chttp2_hpack.cc

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ BENCHMARK(BM_HpackEncoderInitDestroy);
 static void BM_HpackEncoderEncodeDeadline(benchmark::State& state) {
   TrackCounters track_counters;
   grpc_core::ExecCtx exec_ctx;
-  grpc_core::Timestamp saved_now = grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  grpc_core::Timestamp saved_now = grpc_core::Timestamp::Now();
 
   auto arena = grpc_core::MakeScopedArena(1024, g_memory_allocator);
   grpc_metadata_batch b(arena.get());

test/cpp/naming/cancel_ares_query_test.cc

@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ void MaybePollArbitraryPollsetTwice() {
   gpr_mu_lock(mu);
   GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR(
       "pollset_work",
-      grpc_pollset_work(pollset, &worker, grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now()));
+      grpc_pollset_work(pollset, &worker, grpc_core::Timestamp::Now()));
   gpr_mu_unlock(mu);
   grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Flush();
   // Make a second zero-timeout poll (in case the first one
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ void MaybePollArbitraryPollsetTwice() {
   gpr_mu_lock(mu);
   GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR(
       "pollset_work",
-      grpc_pollset_work(pollset, &worker, grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now()));
+      grpc_pollset_work(pollset, &worker, grpc_core::Timestamp::Now()));
   gpr_mu_unlock(mu);
   grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Flush();
   grpc_pollset_destroy(pollset);