XdsClient: fix behavior for does-not-exist timer and stream termination (#31446)

* XdsClient: don't run does-not-exist timer while channel is in TRANSIENT_FAILURE

* attempt to address test flakiness

* fix test cleanup

* add tests for long connection attempts

* improve comments

* add another test case

* test changes -- not all passing yet

* improve interface for connectivity state reporting

* report error on stream status only if no response seen

* iwyu

* fix test flakes

src/core/ext/xds/xds_client.cc

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 
 #include "absl/strings/match.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
-#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_join.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_split.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
@@ -128,6 +127,9 @@ class XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState
 
   bool HasSubscribedResources() const;
 
+  void ChannelConnected() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+  void ChannelDisconnected() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+
  private:
   class AdsResponseParser : public XdsApi::AdsResponseParserInterface {
    public:
@@ -178,10 +180,29 @@ class XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState
       Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "Orphan");
     }
 
+    void MarkSubscriptionSent(RefCountedPtr<AdsCallState> ads_calld)
+        ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_) {
+      subscription_sent_ = true;
+      MaybeStartTimer(std::move(ads_calld));
+    }
+
+    void MarkSeen() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_) {
+      resource_seen_ = true;
+      MaybeCancelTimer();
+    }
+
     void MaybeStartTimer(RefCountedPtr<AdsCallState> ads_calld)
         ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_) {
-      if (!timer_start_needed_) return;
-      timer_start_needed_ = false;
+      // Don't start timer if we've already either seen the resource or
+      // marked it as non-existing.
+      if (resource_seen_) return;
+      // Don't start timer if we haven't yet sent the initial subscription
+      // request for the resource.
+      if (!subscription_sent_) return;
+      // Don't start timer if the channel is not connected.
+      if (!ads_calld->chand()->channel_connected_) return;
+      // Don't start timer if it's already running.
+      if (timer_handle_.has_value()) return;
       // Check if we already have a cached version of this resource
       // (i.e., if this is the initial request for the resource after an
       // ADS stream restart).  If so, we don't start the timer, because
@@ -203,47 +224,35 @@ class XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState
     }
 
     void MaybeCancelTimer() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_) {
-      // If the timer hasn't been started yet, make sure we don't start
-      // it later.  This can happen if the last watch for a resource is
-      // cancelled and then restarted, both while an ADS request is
-      // being sent (causing the unsubscription and then resubscription
-      // requests to be queued), and then we get a response that
-      // contains that resource.  In that case, we would call
-      // MaybeCancelTimer() when we receive the response and then
-      // MaybeStartTimer() when we finally send the new request, thus
-      // causing the timer to fire when it shouldn't.  For details,
-      // see https://github.com/grpc/grpc/issues/29583.
-      timer_start_needed_ = false;
-      if (timer_handle_.has_value()) {
-        ads_calld_->xds_client()->engine()->Cancel(*timer_handle_);
+      if (timer_handle_.has_value() &&
+          ads_calld_->xds_client()->engine()->Cancel(*timer_handle_)) {
         timer_handle_.reset();
       }
     }
 
    private:
     void OnTimer() {
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: timeout obtaining resource "
+                "{type=%s name=%s} from xds server",
+                ads_calld_->xds_client(),
+                ads_calld_->chand()->server_.server_uri().c_str(),
+                std::string(type_->type_url()).c_str(),
+                XdsClient::ConstructFullXdsResourceName(
+                    name_.authority, type_->type_url(), name_.key)
+                    .c_str());
+      }
       {
         MutexLock lock(&ads_calld_->xds_client()->mu_);
-        if (timer_handle_.has_value()) {
-          timer_handle_.reset();
-          if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
-            gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
-                    "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: timeout obtaining resource "
-                    "{type=%s name=%s} from xds server",
-                    ads_calld_->xds_client(),
-                    ads_calld_->chand()->server_.server_uri().c_str(),
-                    std::string(type_->type_url()).c_str(),
-                    XdsClient::ConstructFullXdsResourceName(
-                        name_.authority, type_->type_url(), name_.key)
-                        .c_str());
-          }
-          auto& authority_state =
-              ads_calld_->xds_client()->authority_state_map_[name_.authority];
-          ResourceState& state = authority_state.resource_map[type_][name_.key];
-          state.meta.client_status = XdsApi::ResourceMetadata::DOES_NOT_EXIST;
-          ads_calld_->xds_client()->NotifyWatchersOnResourceDoesNotExist(
-              state.watchers);
-        }
+        timer_handle_.reset();
+        resource_seen_ = true;
+        auto& authority_state =
+            ads_calld_->xds_client()->authority_state_map_[name_.authority];
+        ResourceState& state = authority_state.resource_map[type_][name_.key];
+        state.meta.client_status = XdsApi::ResourceMetadata::DOES_NOT_EXIST;
+        ads_calld_->xds_client()->NotifyWatchersOnResourceDoesNotExist(
+            state.watchers);
       }
       ads_calld_->xds_client()->work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
       ads_calld_.reset();
@@ -253,7 +262,13 @@ class XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState
     const XdsResourceName name_;
 
     RefCountedPtr<AdsCallState> ads_calld_;
-    bool timer_start_needed_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&XdsClient::mu_) = true;
+    // True if we have sent the initial subscription request for this
+    // resource on this ADS stream.
+    bool subscription_sent_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&XdsClient::mu_) = false;
+    // True if we have either (a) seen the resource in a response on this
+    // stream or (b) declared the resource to not exist due to the timer
+    // firing.
+    bool resource_seen_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&XdsClient::mu_) = false;
     absl::optional<EventEngine::TaskHandle> timer_handle_
         ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&XdsClient::mu_);
   };
@@ -410,6 +425,81 @@ class XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState
   OrphanablePtr<Reporter> reporter_;
 };
 
+// Handles connectivity state reports from the transport.
+class XdsClient::ChannelState::ConnectivityStateReporter
+    : public XdsTransportFactory::ConnectivityStateReporter {
+ public:
+  explicit ConnectivityStateReporter(
+      WeakRefCountedPtr<ChannelState> channel_state)
+      : channel_state_(std::move(channel_state)) {}
+
+  void ReportConnecting() override {
+    {
+      MutexLock lock(&channel_state_->xds_client_->mu_);
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                "[xds_client %p] xds channel %p for server %s: "
+                "attempting to connect",
+                channel_state_->xds_client(), channel_state_.get(),
+                channel_state_->server_.server_uri().c_str());
+      }
+      SetChannelDisconnectedLocked();
+    }
+    channel_state_->xds_client_->work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
+  }
+
+  void ReportReady() override {
+    {
+      MutexLock lock(&channel_state_->xds_client_->mu_);
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                "[xds_client %p] xds channel %p for server %s: connected",
+                channel_state_->xds_client(), channel_state_.get(),
+                channel_state_->server_.server_uri().c_str());
+      }
+      channel_state_->channel_connected_ = true;
+      // Notify the ADS call of the connectivity state, so that it can
+      // start timers as needed.
+      if (channel_state_->ads_calld_ != nullptr) {
+        auto* calld = channel_state_->ads_calld_->calld();
+        if (calld != nullptr) calld->ChannelConnected();
+      }
+    }
+    channel_state_->xds_client_->work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
+  }
+
+  void ReportTransientFailure(absl::Status status) override {
+    {
+      MutexLock lock(&channel_state_->xds_client_->mu_);
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                "[xds_client %p] xds channel %p for server %s: "
+                "connectivity failed: %s",
+                channel_state_->xds_client(), channel_state_.get(),
+                channel_state_->server_.server_uri().c_str(),
+                status.ToString().c_str());
+      }
+      SetChannelDisconnectedLocked();
+      channel_state_->SetChannelStatusLocked(std::move(status));
+    }
+    channel_state_->xds_client_->work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  void SetChannelDisconnectedLocked()
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_) {
+    channel_state_->channel_connected_ = false;
+    // Notify the ADS call of the disconnection, so that it can stop
+    // timers as needed.
+    if (channel_state_->ads_calld_ != nullptr) {
+      auto* calld = channel_state_->ads_calld_->calld();
+      if (calld != nullptr) calld->ChannelDisconnected();
+    }
+  }
+
+  WeakRefCountedPtr<ChannelState> channel_state_;
+};
+
 //
 // XdsClient::ChannelState
 //
@@ -429,10 +519,8 @@ XdsClient::ChannelState::ChannelState(WeakRefCountedPtr<XdsClient> xds_client,
   absl::Status status;
   transport_ = xds_client_->transport_factory_->Create(
       server,
-      [self = WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "OnConnectivityFailure")](
-          absl::Status status) {
-        self->OnConnectivityFailure(std::move(status));
-      },
+      std::make_unique<ConnectivityStateReporter>(
+          WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "OnConnectivityChange")),
       &status);
   GPR_ASSERT(transport_ != nullptr);
   if (!status.ok()) SetChannelStatusLocked(std::move(status));
@@ -516,14 +604,6 @@ void XdsClient::ChannelState::UnsubscribeLocked(const XdsResourceType* type,
   }
 }
 
-void XdsClient::ChannelState::OnConnectivityFailure(absl::Status status) {
-  {
-    MutexLock lock(&xds_client_->mu_);
-    SetChannelStatusLocked(std::move(status));
-  }
-  xds_client_->work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
-}
-
 void XdsClient::ChannelState::SetChannelStatusLocked(absl::Status status) {
   if (shutting_down_) return;
   status = absl::Status(status.code(), absl::StrCat("xDS channel for server ",
@@ -768,7 +848,7 @@ void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::AdsResponseParser::ParseResource(
     if (it != timer_it->second.subscribed_resources.end()) {
       auto res_it = it->second.find(parsed_resource_name->key);
       if (res_it != it->second.end()) {
-        res_it->second->MaybeCancelTimer();
+        res_it->second->MarkSeen();
       }
     }
   }
@@ -970,6 +1050,26 @@ bool XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::HasSubscribedResources() const {
   return false;
 }
 
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::ChannelConnected() {
+  for (const auto& p : state_map_) {
+    for (const auto& q : p.second.subscribed_resources) {
+      for (auto& r : q.second) {
+        r.second->MaybeStartTimer(Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ResourceTimer"));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::ChannelDisconnected() {
+  for (const auto& p : state_map_) {
+    for (const auto& q : p.second.subscribed_resources) {
+      for (auto& r : q.second) {
+        r.second->MaybeCancelTimer();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::OnRequestSent(bool ok) {
   MutexLock lock(&xds_client()->mu_);
   send_message_pending_ = false;
@@ -1108,9 +1208,14 @@ void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::OnStatusReceived(
     if (IsCurrentCallOnChannel()) {
       // Try to restart the call.
       parent_->OnCallFinishedLocked();
-      // Send error to all watchers for the channel.
-      chand()->SetChannelStatusLocked(absl::UnavailableError(absl::StrFormat(
-          "xDS call failed; status: %s", status.ToString().c_str())));
+      // If we didn't receive a response on the stream, report the
+      // stream failure as a connectivity failure, which will report the
+      // error to all watchers of resources on this channel.
+      if (!seen_response_) {
+        chand()->SetChannelStatusLocked(absl::UnavailableError(
+            absl::StrCat("xDS call failed with no responses received; status: ",
+                         status.ToString())));
+      }
     }
   }
   xds_client()->work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
@@ -1136,7 +1241,8 @@ XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::ResourceNamesForRequest(
         resource_names.emplace_back(XdsClient::ConstructFullXdsResourceName(
             authority, type->type_url(), resource_key));
         OrphanablePtr<ResourceTimer>& resource_timer = p.second;
-        resource_timer->MaybeStartTimer(Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ResourceTimer"));
+        resource_timer->MarkSubscriptionSent(
+            Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ResourceTimer"));
       }
     }
   }

src/core/ext/xds/xds_client.h

@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ class XdsClient : public DualRefCounted<XdsClient> {
         ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
 
    private:
-    void OnConnectivityFailure(absl::Status status);
+    class ConnectivityStateReporter;
 
     // Enqueues error notifications to watchers.  Caller must drain
     // XdsClient::work_serializer_ after releasing the lock.
@@ -229,6 +229,7 @@ class XdsClient : public DualRefCounted<XdsClient> {
         resource_type_version_map_;
 
     absl::Status status_;
+    bool channel_connected_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&XdsClient::mu_) = false;
   };
 
   struct ResourceState {

src/core/ext/xds/xds_transport.h

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 
 #include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
 
-#include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 
@@ -70,14 +69,45 @@ class XdsTransportFactory : public InternallyRefCounted<XdsTransportFactory> {
     virtual void ResetBackoff() = 0;
   };
 
+  // An interface for reporting connectivity state events for a transport.
+  //
+  // A transport can be in one of three states:
+  // - CONNECTING: transport is attempting to establish a connection
+  // - READY: transport is connected and ready to start streams
+  // - TRANSIENT_FAILURE: connection attempt has failed
+  //
+  // A transport is assumed to start in state CONNECTING.  Expected
+  // transitions:
+  // - CONNECTING -> READY (when connection is successfully established)
+  // - CONNECTING -> TRANSIENT_FAILURE (when the connection attempt fails)
+  // - TRANSIENT_FAILURE -> READY (when a connection attempt had failed
+  //                               but a subsequent attempt has succeeded)
+  // - READY -> CONNECTING (when an established connection fails)
+  //
+  // Note that a transport should not transition from TRANSIENT_FAILURE to
+  // CONNECTING; once the transport has failed a connection attempt, it
+  // should remain in TRANSIENT_FAILURE until a subsequent connection
+  // attempt succeeds.
+  class ConnectivityStateReporter {
+   public:
+    virtual ~ConnectivityStateReporter() = default;
+
+    // Invoked when the transport enters state CONNECTING.
+    virtual void ReportConnecting() = 0;
+    // Invoked when the transport enters state READY.
+    virtual void ReportReady() = 0;
+    // Invoked when the transport enters state TRANSIENT_FAILURE.
+    virtual void ReportTransientFailure(absl::Status status) = 0;
+  };
+
   // Creates a new transport for the specified server.
-  // The on_connectivity_failure callback will be invoked whenever there is
-  // a connectivity failure on the transport.
+  // The transport will use connectivity_state_reporter to report its
+  // connectivity state.
   // *status will be set if there is an error creating the channel,
   // although the returned channel must still accept calls (which may fail).
   virtual OrphanablePtr<XdsTransport> Create(
       const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server,
-      std::function<void(absl::Status)> on_connectivity_failure,
+      std::unique_ptr<ConnectivityStateReporter> connectivity_state_reporter,
       absl::Status* status) = 0;
 };
 

src/core/ext/xds/xds_transport_grpc.cc

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 
 #include <string.h>
 
-#include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 #include <utility>
 
@@ -229,20 +228,24 @@ class GrpcXdsTransportFactory::GrpcXdsTransport::StateWatcher
     : public AsyncConnectivityStateWatcherInterface {
  public:
   explicit StateWatcher(
-      std::function<void(absl::Status)> on_connectivity_failure)
-      : on_connectivity_failure_(std::move(on_connectivity_failure)) {}
+      std::unique_ptr<ConnectivityStateReporter> connectivity_state_reporter)
+      : connectivity_state_reporter_(std::move(connectivity_state_reporter)) {}
 
  private:
   void OnConnectivityStateChange(grpc_connectivity_state new_state,
                                  const absl::Status& status) override {
-    if (new_state == GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE) {
-      on_connectivity_failure_(absl::Status(
+    if (new_state == GRPC_CHANNEL_READY) {
+      connectivity_state_reporter_->ReportReady();
+    } else if (new_state == GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE) {
+      connectivity_state_reporter_->ReportTransientFailure(absl::Status(
           status.code(),
           absl::StrCat("channel in TRANSIENT_FAILURE: ", status.message())));
+    } else {  // IDLE or CONNECTING
+      connectivity_state_reporter_->ReportConnecting();
     }
   }
 
-  std::function<void(absl::Status)> on_connectivity_failure_;
+  std::unique_ptr<ConnectivityStateReporter> connectivity_state_reporter_;
 };
 
 //
@@ -270,7 +273,7 @@ bool IsLameChannel(grpc_channel* channel) {
 
 GrpcXdsTransportFactory::GrpcXdsTransport::GrpcXdsTransport(
     GrpcXdsTransportFactory* factory, const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server,
-    std::function<void(absl::Status)> on_connectivity_failure,
+    std::unique_ptr<ConnectivityStateReporter> connectivity_state_reporter,
     absl::Status* status)
     : factory_(factory) {
   channel_ = CreateXdsChannel(
@@ -283,7 +286,7 @@ GrpcXdsTransportFactory::GrpcXdsTransport::GrpcXdsTransport(
     ClientChannel* client_channel =
         ClientChannel::GetFromChannel(Channel::FromC(channel_));
     GPR_ASSERT(client_channel != nullptr);
-    watcher_ = new StateWatcher(std::move(on_connectivity_failure));
+    watcher_ = new StateWatcher(std::move(connectivity_state_reporter));
     client_channel->AddConnectivityWatcher(
         GRPC_CHANNEL_IDLE,
         OrphanablePtr<AsyncConnectivityStateWatcherInterface>(watcher_));
@@ -347,10 +350,10 @@ GrpcXdsTransportFactory::~GrpcXdsTransportFactory() {
 OrphanablePtr<XdsTransportFactory::XdsTransport>
 GrpcXdsTransportFactory::Create(
     const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server,
-    std::function<void(absl::Status)> on_connectivity_failure,
+    std::unique_ptr<ConnectivityStateReporter> connectivity_state_reporter,
     absl::Status* status) {
   return MakeOrphanable<GrpcXdsTransport>(
-      this, server, std::move(on_connectivity_failure), status);
+      this, server, std::move(connectivity_state_reporter), status);
 }
 
 }  // namespace grpc_core

src/core/ext/xds/xds_transport_grpc.h

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 
 #include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
 
-#include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ class GrpcXdsTransportFactory : public XdsTransportFactory {
 
   OrphanablePtr<XdsTransport> Create(
       const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server,
-      std::function<void(absl::Status)> on_connectivity_failure,
+      std::unique_ptr<ConnectivityStateReporter> connectivity_state_reporter,
       absl::Status* status) override;
 
   grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties() const { return interested_parties_; }
@@ -66,10 +65,10 @@ class GrpcXdsTransportFactory::GrpcXdsTransport
  public:
   class GrpcStreamingCall;
 
-  GrpcXdsTransport(GrpcXdsTransportFactory* factory,
-                   const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server,
-                   std::function<void(absl::Status)> on_connectivity_failure,
-                   absl::Status* status);
+  GrpcXdsTransport(
+      GrpcXdsTransportFactory* factory, const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server,
+      std::unique_ptr<ConnectivityStateReporter> connectivity_state_reporter,
+      absl::Status* status);
   ~GrpcXdsTransport() override;
 
   void Orphan() override;

test/core/xds/xds_client_test.cc

@@ -236,6 +236,7 @@ class XdsClientTest : public ::testing::Test {
                                             all_resources_required_in_sotw>,
                         ResourceStruct>::WatcherInterface {
      public:
+      // Returns true if no event is received during the timeout period.
       bool ExpectNoEvent(absl::Duration timeout) {
         MutexLock lock(&mu_);
         return !WaitForEventLocked(timeout);
@@ -323,6 +324,8 @@ class XdsClientTest : public ::testing::Test {
         cv_.Signal();
       }
 
+      // Returns true if an event was received, or false if the timeout
+      // expires before any event is received.
       bool WaitForEventLocked(absl::Duration timeout)
           ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&mu_) {
         while (queue_.empty()) {
@@ -562,13 +565,12 @@ class XdsClientTest : public ::testing::Test {
   // specified bootstrap config.
   void InitXdsClient(
       FakeXdsBootstrap::Builder bootstrap_builder = FakeXdsBootstrap::Builder(),
-      Duration resource_request_timeout = Duration::Seconds(15) *
-                                          grpc_test_slowdown_factor()) {
+      Duration resource_request_timeout = Duration::Seconds(15)) {
     auto transport_factory = MakeOrphanable<FakeXdsTransportFactory>();
     transport_factory_ = transport_factory->Ref();
-    xds_client_ = MakeRefCounted<XdsClient>(bootstrap_builder.Build(),
-                                            std::move(transport_factory),
-                                            resource_request_timeout);
+    xds_client_ = MakeRefCounted<XdsClient>(
+        bootstrap_builder.Build(), std::move(transport_factory),
+        resource_request_timeout * grpc_test_slowdown_factor());
   }
 
   // Starts and cancels a watch for a Foo resource.
@@ -624,11 +626,23 @@ class XdsClientTest : public ::testing::Test {
         timeout * grpc_test_slowdown_factor());
   }
 
-  void TriggerConnectionFailure(const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server,
-                                absl::Status status) {
+  void ReportConnecting(const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server) {
     const auto* xds_server = xds_client_->bootstrap().FindXdsServer(server);
     GPR_ASSERT(xds_server != nullptr);
-    transport_factory_->TriggerConnectionFailure(*xds_server, status);
+    transport_factory_->ReportConnecting(*xds_server);
+  }
+
+  void ReportReady(const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server) {
+    const auto* xds_server = xds_client_->bootstrap().FindXdsServer(server);
+    GPR_ASSERT(xds_server != nullptr);
+    transport_factory_->ReportReady(*xds_server);
+  }
+
+  void ReportTransientFailure(const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server,
+                              absl::Status status) {
+    const auto* xds_server = xds_client_->bootstrap().FindXdsServer(server);
+    GPR_ASSERT(xds_server != nullptr);
+    transport_factory_->ReportTransientFailure(*xds_server, std::move(status));
   }
 
   RefCountedPtr<FakeXdsTransportFactory::FakeStreamingCall> WaitForAdsStream(
@@ -1830,14 +1844,8 @@ TEST_F(XdsClientTest, StreamClosedByServer) {
                /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
   // Now server closes the stream.
   stream->MaybeSendStatusToClient(absl::OkStatus());
-  // XdsClient should report error to watcher.
-  auto error = watcher->WaitForNextError();
-  ASSERT_TRUE(error.has_value());
-  EXPECT_EQ(error->code(), absl::StatusCode::kUnavailable);
-  EXPECT_EQ(error->message(),
-            "xDS channel for server default_xds_server: xDS call failed; "
-            "status: OK (node ID:xds_client_test)")
-      << *error;
+  // XdsClient should NOT report error to watcher, because we saw a
+  // response on the stream before it failed.
   // XdsClient should create a new stream.
   stream = WaitForAdsStream();
   ASSERT_TRUE(stream != nullptr);
@@ -1853,69 +1861,106 @@ TEST_F(XdsClientTest, StreamClosedByServer) {
   CheckRequestNode(*request);  // Should be present on the first request.
   // Before the server resends the resource, start a new watcher for the
   // same resource.  This watcher should immediately receive the cached
-  // resource and then the error notification -- in that order.
+  // resource.
   auto watcher2 = StartFooWatch("foo1");
   resource = watcher2->WaitForNextResource();
   ASSERT_TRUE(resource.has_value());
   EXPECT_EQ(resource->name, "foo1");
   EXPECT_EQ(resource->value, 6);
-  error = watcher2->WaitForNextError();
-  ASSERT_TRUE(error.has_value());
-  EXPECT_EQ(error->code(), absl::StatusCode::kUnavailable);
-  EXPECT_EQ(error->message(),
-            "xDS channel for server default_xds_server: xDS call failed; "
-            "status: OK (node ID:xds_client_test)")
-      << *error;
-  // Create a watcher for a new resource.  This should immediately
-  // receive the cached channel error.
-  auto watcher3 = StartFooWatch("foo2");
-  error = watcher3->WaitForNextError();
+  // Server now sends the requested resource.
+  stream->SendMessageToClient(
+      ResponseBuilder(XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url())
+          .set_version_info("1")
+          .set_nonce("B")
+          .AddFooResource(XdsFooResource("foo1", 6))
+          .Serialize());
+  // Watcher does NOT get an update, since the resource has not changed.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(watcher->WaitForNextResource());
+  // XdsClient sends an ACK.
+  request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(request.has_value());
+  CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+               /*version_info=*/"1", /*response_nonce=*/"B",
+               /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(),
+               /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
+  // Cancel watcher.
+  CancelFooWatch(watcher.get(), "foo1");
+  // The XdsClient may or may not send an unsubscription message
+  // before it closes the transport, depending on callback timing.
+  request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  if (request.has_value()) {
+    CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+                 /*version_info=*/"1", /*response_nonce=*/"B",
+                 /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(), /*resource_names=*/{});
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_F(XdsClientTest, StreamClosedByServerWithoutSeeingResponse) {
+  InitXdsClient();
+  // Start a watch for "foo1".
+  auto watcher = StartFooWatch("foo1");
+  // Watcher should initially not see any resource reported.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(watcher->HasEvent());
+  // XdsClient should have created an ADS stream.
+  auto stream = WaitForAdsStream();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(stream != nullptr);
+  // XdsClient should have sent a subscription request on the ADS stream.
+  auto request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(request.has_value());
+  CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+               /*version_info=*/"", /*response_nonce=*/"",
+               /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(),
+               /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
+  CheckRequestNode(*request);  // Should be present on the first request.
+  // Server closes the stream without sending a response.
+  stream->MaybeSendStatusToClient(absl::UnavailableError("ugh"));
+  // XdsClient should report an error to the watcher.
+  auto error = watcher->WaitForNextError();
   ASSERT_TRUE(error.has_value());
   EXPECT_EQ(error->code(), absl::StatusCode::kUnavailable);
   EXPECT_EQ(error->message(),
-            "xDS channel for server default_xds_server: xDS call failed; "
-            "status: OK (node ID:xds_client_test)")
+            "xDS channel for server default_xds_server: xDS call failed "
+            "with no responses received; status: UNAVAILABLE: ugh "
+            "(node ID:xds_client_test)")
       << *error;
-  // And the client will send a new request subscribing to the new resource.
+  // XdsClient should create a new stream.
+  stream = WaitForAdsStream();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(stream != nullptr);
+  // XdsClient sends a subscription request.
   request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
   ASSERT_TRUE(request.has_value());
   CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
-               /*version_info=*/"1", /*response_nonce=*/"",
+               /*version_info=*/"", /*response_nonce=*/"",
                /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(),
-               /*resource_names=*/{"foo1", "foo2"});
-  // Server now sends the requested resources.
+               /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
+  CheckRequestNode(*request);  // Should be present on the first request.
+  // Server now sends the requested resource.
   stream->SendMessageToClient(
       ResponseBuilder(XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url())
           .set_version_info("1")
-          .set_nonce("B")
+          .set_nonce("A")
           .AddFooResource(XdsFooResource("foo1", 6))
-          .AddFooResource(XdsFooResource("foo2", 7))
           .Serialize());
-  // Watchers for foo1 do NOT get an update, since the resource has not changed.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(watcher->WaitForNextResource());
-  EXPECT_FALSE(watcher2->WaitForNextResource());
-  // The watcher for foo2 gets the newly delivered resource.
-  resource = watcher3->WaitForNextResource();
+  // Watcher gets the resource.
+  auto resource = watcher->WaitForNextResource();
   ASSERT_TRUE(resource.has_value());
-  EXPECT_EQ(resource->name, "foo2");
-  EXPECT_EQ(resource->value, 7);
+  EXPECT_EQ(resource->name, "foo1");
+  EXPECT_EQ(resource->value, 6);
   // XdsClient sends an ACK.
   request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
   ASSERT_TRUE(request.has_value());
   CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
-               /*version_info=*/"1", /*response_nonce=*/"B",
+               /*version_info=*/"1", /*response_nonce=*/"A",
                /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(),
-               /*resource_names=*/{"foo1", "foo2"});
-  // Cancel watchers.
-  CancelFooWatch(watcher.get(), "foo1", /*delay_unsubscription=*/true);
-  CancelFooWatch(watcher2.get(), "foo1", /*delay_unsubscription=*/true);
-  CancelFooWatch(watcher3.get(), "foo1");
+               /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
+  // Cancel watcher.
+  CancelFooWatch(watcher.get(), "foo1");
   // The XdsClient may or may not send an unsubscription message
   // before it closes the transport, depending on callback timing.
   request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
   if (request.has_value()) {
     CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
-                 /*version_info=*/"1", /*response_nonce=*/"B",
+                 /*version_info=*/"1", /*response_nonce=*/"A",
                  /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(), /*resource_names=*/{});
   }
 }
@@ -1960,14 +2005,8 @@ TEST_F(XdsClientTest, StreamClosedByServerAndResourcesNotResentOnNewStream) {
                /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
   // Now server closes the stream.
   stream->MaybeSendStatusToClient(absl::OkStatus());
-  // XdsClient should report error to watcher.
-  auto error = watcher->WaitForNextError();
-  ASSERT_TRUE(error.has_value());
-  EXPECT_EQ(error->code(), absl::StatusCode::kUnavailable);
-  EXPECT_EQ(error->message(),
-            "xDS channel for server default_xds_server: xDS call failed; "
-            "status: OK (node ID:xds_client_test)")
-      << *error;
+  // XdsClient should NOT report error to watcher, because we saw a
+  // response on the stream before it failed.
   // XdsClient should create a new stream.
   stream = WaitForAdsStream();
   ASSERT_TRUE(stream != nullptr);
@@ -1998,8 +2037,91 @@ TEST_F(XdsClientTest, StreamClosedByServerAndResourcesNotResentOnNewStream) {
   }
 }
 
+// This test is similar to the previous test, except that the resource
+// is not received on the original stream before the stream fails.  That
+// difference means that we are not expecting the optimization where the
+// server may not re-send the resource, which means that we instead
+// trigger the does-not-exist timeout.
+TEST_F(XdsClientTest, ResourceDoesNotExistAfterStreamRestart) {
+  // Lower resources-does-not-exist timeout so test finishes faster.
+  InitXdsClient(FakeXdsBootstrap::Builder(), Duration::Seconds(3));
+  // Start a watch for "foo1".
+  auto watcher = StartFooWatch("foo1");
+  // Watcher should initially not see any resource reported.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(watcher->HasEvent());
+  // XdsClient should have created an ADS stream.
+  auto stream = WaitForAdsStream();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(stream != nullptr);
+  // XdsClient should have sent a subscription request on the ADS stream.
+  auto request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(request.has_value());
+  CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+               /*version_info=*/"", /*response_nonce=*/"",
+               /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(),
+               /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
+  CheckRequestNode(*request);  // Should be present on the first request.
+  // Stream fails.
+  stream->MaybeSendStatusToClient(absl::UnavailableError("ugh"));
+  // XdsClient should report error to watcher.
+  auto error = watcher->WaitForNextError();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(error.has_value());
+  EXPECT_EQ(error->code(), absl::StatusCode::kUnavailable);
+  EXPECT_EQ(error->message(),
+            "xDS channel for server default_xds_server: xDS call failed "
+            "with no responses received; status: UNAVAILABLE: ugh "
+            "(node ID:xds_client_test)")
+      << *error;
+  // XdsClient should create a new stream.
+  stream = WaitForAdsStream();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(stream != nullptr);
+  // XdsClient sends a subscription request.
+  request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(request.has_value());
+  CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+               /*version_info=*/"", /*response_nonce=*/"",
+               /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(),
+               /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
+  CheckRequestNode(*request);  // Should be present on the first request.
+  // Server does NOT send a response immediately.
+  // Client should receive a resource does-not-exist.
+  ASSERT_TRUE(watcher->WaitForDoesNotExist(absl::Seconds(4)));
+  // Server now sends the requested resource.
+  stream->SendMessageToClient(
+      ResponseBuilder(XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url())
+          .set_version_info("1")
+          .set_nonce("A")
+          .AddFooResource(XdsFooResource("foo1", 6))
+          .Serialize());
+  // The resource is delivered to the watcher.
+  auto resource = watcher->WaitForNextResource();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(resource.has_value());
+  EXPECT_EQ(resource->name, "foo1");
+  EXPECT_EQ(resource->value, 6);
+  // XdsClient sends an ACK.
+  request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(request.has_value());
+  CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+               /*version_info=*/"1", /*response_nonce=*/"A",
+               /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(),
+               /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
+  // Cancel watcher.
+  CancelFooWatch(watcher.get(), "foo1");
+  // The XdsClient may or may not send an unsubscription message
+  // before it closes the transport, depending on callback timing.
+  request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  if (request.has_value()) {
+    CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+                 /*version_info=*/"1", /*response_nonce=*/"A",
+                 /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(), /*resource_names=*/{});
+  }
+}
+
 TEST_F(XdsClientTest, ConnectionFails) {
-  InitXdsClient();
+  // Lower resources-does-not-exist timeout, to make sure that we're not
+  // triggering that here.
+  InitXdsClient(FakeXdsBootstrap::Builder(), Duration::Seconds(3));
+  // Tell transport not to immediately report that it is connected.
+  transport_factory_->SetAutoReportTransportReady(false);
   // Start a watch for "foo1".
   auto watcher = StartFooWatch("foo1");
   // Watcher should initially not see any resource reported.
@@ -2016,8 +2138,8 @@ TEST_F(XdsClientTest, ConnectionFails) {
                /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
   CheckRequestNode(*request);  // Should be present on the first request.
   // Transport reports connection failure.
-  TriggerConnectionFailure(xds_client_->bootstrap().server(),
-                           absl::UnavailableError("connection failed"));
+  ReportTransientFailure(xds_client_->bootstrap().server(),
+                         absl::UnavailableError("connection failed"));
   // XdsClient should report an error to the watcher.
   auto error = watcher->WaitForNextError();
   ASSERT_TRUE(error.has_value());
@@ -2026,6 +2148,9 @@ TEST_F(XdsClientTest, ConnectionFails) {
             "xDS channel for server default_xds_server: "
             "connection failed (node ID:xds_client_test)")
       << *error;
+  // We should not see a resource-does-not-exist event, because the
+  // timer should not be running while the channel is disconnected.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(watcher->ExpectNoEvent(absl::Seconds(4)));
   // Start a new watch.  This watcher should be given the same error,
   // since we have not yet recovered.
   auto watcher2 = StartFooWatch("foo1");
@@ -2036,11 +2161,12 @@ TEST_F(XdsClientTest, ConnectionFails) {
             "xDS channel for server default_xds_server: "
             "connection failed (node ID:xds_client_test)")
       << *error;
-  // Inside the XdsTransport interface, the channel will eventually
-  // reconnect, and the call will proceed.  None of that will be visible
-  // to the XdsClient, because the call uses wait_for_ready.  So here,
-  // to simulate the connection being established, all we need to do is
-  // allow the stream to proceed.
+  // Second watcher should not see resource-does-not-exist either.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(watcher2->HasEvent());
+  // Report channel as having become connected.
+  ReportReady(xds_client_->bootstrap().server());
+  // The ADS stream uses wait_for_ready inside the XdsTransport interface,
+  // so when the channel reconnects, the already-started stream will proceed.
   // Server sends a response.
   stream->SendMessageToClient(
       ResponseBuilder(XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url())
@@ -2060,6 +2186,252 @@ TEST_F(XdsClientTest, ConnectionFails) {
   // XdsClient should have sent an ACK message to the xDS server.
   request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
   ASSERT_TRUE(request.has_value());
+  CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+               /*version_info=*/"1", /*response_nonce=*/"A",
+               /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(),
+               /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
+  // Cancel watches.
+  CancelFooWatch(watcher.get(), "foo1");
+  CancelFooWatch(watcher2.get(), "foo1");
+  // The XdsClient may or may not send an unsubscription message
+  // before it closes the transport, depending on callback timing.
+  request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  if (request.has_value()) {
+    CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+                 /*version_info=*/"1", /*response_nonce=*/"A",
+                 /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(), /*resource_names=*/{});
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_F(XdsClientTest, LongConnectionAttempt) {
+  // Lower resources-does-not-exist timeout, to make sure that we're not
+  // triggering that here.
+  InitXdsClient(FakeXdsBootstrap::Builder(), Duration::Seconds(3));
+  // Tell transport not to immediately report that it is connected.
+  transport_factory_->SetAutoReportTransportReady(false);
+  // Start a watch for "foo1".
+  auto watcher = StartFooWatch("foo1");
+  // Watcher should initially not see any resource reported.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(watcher->HasEvent());
+  // XdsClient should have created an ADS stream.
+  auto stream = WaitForAdsStream();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(stream != nullptr);
+  // XdsClient should have sent a subscription request on the ADS stream.
+  auto request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(request.has_value());
+  CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+               /*version_info=*/"", /*response_nonce=*/"",
+               /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(),
+               /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
+  CheckRequestNode(*request);  // Should be present on the first request.
+  // We should not see a resource-does-not-exist event, because the
+  // timer should not be running while the channel is disconnected.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(watcher->ExpectNoEvent(absl::Seconds(4)));
+  // Report channel as having become connected.
+  ReportReady(xds_client_->bootstrap().server());
+  // The ADS stream uses wait_for_ready inside the XdsTransport interface,
+  // so when the channel connects, the already-started stream will proceed.
+  // Server sends a response.
+  stream->SendMessageToClient(
+      ResponseBuilder(XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url())
+          .set_version_info("1")
+          .set_nonce("A")
+          .AddFooResource(XdsFooResource("foo1", 6))
+          .Serialize());
+  // XdsClient should have delivered the response to the watcher.
+  auto resource = watcher->WaitForNextResource();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(resource.has_value());
+  EXPECT_EQ(resource->name, "foo1");
+  EXPECT_EQ(resource->value, 6);
+  // XdsClient should have sent an ACK message to the xDS server.
+  request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(request.has_value());
+  CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+               /*version_info=*/"1", /*response_nonce=*/"A",
+               /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(),
+               /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
+  // Cancel watch.
+  CancelFooWatch(watcher.get(), "foo1");
+  // The XdsClient may or may not send an unsubscription message
+  // before it closes the transport, depending on callback timing.
+  request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  if (request.has_value()) {
+    CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+                 /*version_info=*/"1", /*response_nonce=*/"A",
+                 /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(), /*resource_names=*/{});
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_F(XdsClientTest, LongReconnectionAttempt) {
+  // Lower resources-does-not-exist timeout, to make sure that we're not
+  // triggering that here.
+  InitXdsClient(FakeXdsBootstrap::Builder(), Duration::Seconds(3));
+  // Tell transport not to immediately report that it is connected.
+  transport_factory_->SetAutoReportTransportReady(false);
+  // Start a watch for "foo1".
+  auto watcher = StartFooWatch("foo1");
+  // Watcher should initially not see any resource reported.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(watcher->HasEvent());
+  // XdsClient should have created an ADS stream.
+  auto stream = WaitForAdsStream();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(stream != nullptr);
+  // XdsClient should have sent a subscription request on the ADS stream.
+  auto request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(request.has_value());
+  CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+               /*version_info=*/"", /*response_nonce=*/"",
+               /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(),
+               /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
+  CheckRequestNode(*request);  // Should be present on the first request.
+  // Transport reports connection.
+  ReportReady(xds_client_->bootstrap().server());
+  // Server sends a response.
+  stream->SendMessageToClient(
+      ResponseBuilder(XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url())
+          .set_version_info("1")
+          .set_nonce("A")
+          .AddFooResource(XdsFooResource("foo1", 6))
+          .Serialize());
+  // XdsClient should have delivered the response to the watcher.
+  auto resource = watcher->WaitForNextResource();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(resource.has_value());
+  EXPECT_EQ(resource->name, "foo1");
+  EXPECT_EQ(resource->value, 6);
+  // XdsClient should have sent an ACK message to the xDS server.
+  request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(request.has_value());
+  CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+               /*version_info=*/"1", /*response_nonce=*/"A",
+               /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(),
+               /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
+  // Transport reports disconnection.
+  ReportConnecting(xds_client_->bootstrap().server());
+  // Stream fails because of transport disconnection.
+  stream->MaybeSendStatusToClient(absl::UnavailableError("connection failed"));
+  // XdsClient should NOT report error to watcher, because we saw a
+  // response on the stream before it failed.
+  // XdsClient creates a new stream.
+  stream = WaitForAdsStream();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(stream != nullptr);
+  // XdsClient should have sent a subscription request on the ADS stream.
+  request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(request.has_value());
+  CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+               /*version_info=*/"1", /*response_nonce=*/"",
+               /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(),
+               /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
+  CheckRequestNode(*request);  // Should be present on the first request.
+  // Report channel as having become connected.
+  ReportReady(xds_client_->bootstrap().server());
+  // We should not see a resource-does-not-exist event, because the
+  // resource was already cached, so the server can optimize by not
+  // resending it.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(watcher->ExpectNoEvent(absl::Seconds(4)));
+  // The ADS stream uses wait_for_ready inside the XdsTransport interface,
+  // so when the channel connects, the already-started stream will proceed.
+  // Server sends a response.
+  stream->SendMessageToClient(
+      ResponseBuilder(XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url())
+          .set_version_info("1")
+          .set_nonce("A")
+          .AddFooResource(XdsFooResource("foo1", 6))
+          .Serialize());
+  // Watcher will not see any update, since the resource is unchanged.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(watcher->ExpectNoEvent(absl::Seconds(1)));
+  // XdsClient should have sent an ACK message to the xDS server.
+  request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(request.has_value());
+  CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+               /*version_info=*/"1", /*response_nonce=*/"A",
+               /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(),
+               /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
+  // Cancel watch.
+  CancelFooWatch(watcher.get(), "foo1");
+  // The XdsClient may or may not send an unsubscription message
+  // before it closes the transport, depending on callback timing.
+  request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  if (request.has_value()) {
+    CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+                 /*version_info=*/"1", /*response_nonce=*/"A",
+                 /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(), /*resource_names=*/{});
+  }
+}
+
+// This test is similar to the previous test, except that the resource
+// is not received on the original stream before the stream fails.  That
+// difference means that we are not expecting the optimization where the
+// server may not re-send the resource, which means that we instead
+// trigger the does-not-exist timeout.
+TEST_F(XdsClientTest, LongReconnectionAttemptBeforeResourceReceived) {
+  // Lower resources-does-not-exist timeout, to make sure that we're not
+  // triggering that here.
+  InitXdsClient(FakeXdsBootstrap::Builder(), Duration::Seconds(3));
+  // Tell transport not to immediately report that it is connected.
+  transport_factory_->SetAutoReportTransportReady(false);
+  // Start a watch for "foo1".
+  auto watcher = StartFooWatch("foo1");
+  // Watcher should initially not see any resource reported.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(watcher->HasEvent());
+  // XdsClient should have created an ADS stream.
+  auto stream = WaitForAdsStream();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(stream != nullptr);
+  // XdsClient should have sent a subscription request on the ADS stream.
+  auto request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(request.has_value());
+  CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+               /*version_info=*/"", /*response_nonce=*/"",
+               /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(),
+               /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
+  CheckRequestNode(*request);  // Should be present on the first request.
+  // Transport reports connected.
+  ReportReady(xds_client_->bootstrap().server());
+  // Server does NOT send a response.
+  // Now report channel as having become disconnected.
+  ReportConnecting(xds_client_->bootstrap().server());
+  // Stream fails because of transport disconnection.
+  stream->MaybeSendStatusToClient(absl::UnavailableError("connection failed"));
+  // XdsClient should report an error to the watcher.
+  auto error = watcher->WaitForNextError();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(error.has_value());
+  EXPECT_EQ(error->code(), absl::StatusCode::kUnavailable);
+  EXPECT_EQ(error->message(),
+            "xDS channel for server default_xds_server: xDS call failed "
+            "with no responses received; status: "
+            "UNAVAILABLE: connection failed (node ID:xds_client_test)")
+      << *error;
+  // XdsClient creates a new stream.
+  stream = WaitForAdsStream();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(stream != nullptr);
+  // XdsClient should have sent a subscription request on the ADS stream.
+  request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(request.has_value());
+  CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
+               /*version_info=*/"", /*response_nonce=*/"",
+               /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(),
+               /*resource_names=*/{"foo1"});
+  CheckRequestNode(*request);  // Should be present on the first request.
+  // We should not see a resource-does-not-exist event, because the
+  // timer should not be running while the channel is disconnected.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(watcher->ExpectNoEvent(absl::Seconds(4)));
+  // Now report channel as having become connected.
+  ReportReady(xds_client_->bootstrap().server());
+  // The ADS stream uses wait_for_ready inside the XdsTransport interface,
+  // so when the channel connects, the already-started stream will proceed.
+  // Server sends a response.
+  stream->SendMessageToClient(
+      ResponseBuilder(XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url())
+          .set_version_info("1")
+          .set_nonce("A")
+          .AddFooResource(XdsFooResource("foo1", 6))
+          .Serialize());
+  // XdsClient sends the resource to the watcher.
+  auto resource = watcher->WaitForNextResource();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(resource.has_value());
+  EXPECT_EQ(resource->name, "foo1");
+  EXPECT_EQ(resource->value, 6);
+  // XdsClient should have sent an ACK message to the xDS server.
+  request = WaitForRequest(stream.get());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(request.has_value());
   CheckRequest(*request, XdsFooResourceType::Get()->type_url(),
                /*version_info=*/"1", /*response_nonce=*/"A",
                /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(),
@@ -2578,8 +2950,8 @@ TEST_F(XdsClientTest, FederationChannelFailureReportedToWatchers) {
                /*error_detail=*/absl::OkStatus(),
                /*resource_names=*/{kXdstpResourceName});
   // Now cause a channel failure on the stream to the authority's xDS server.
-  TriggerConnectionFailure(authority_server,
-                           absl::UnavailableError("connection failed"));
+  ReportTransientFailure(authority_server,
+                         absl::UnavailableError("connection failed"));
   // The watcher for the xdstp resource name should see the error.
   auto error = watcher2->WaitForNextError();
   ASSERT_TRUE(error.has_value());

test/core/xds/xds_transport_fake.cc

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
-#include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 #include <utility>
 
@@ -138,29 +137,69 @@ void FakeXdsTransportFactory::FakeStreamingCall::MaybeSendStatusToClient(
 // FakeXdsTransportFactory::FakeXdsTransport
 //
 
-void FakeXdsTransportFactory::FakeXdsTransport::TriggerConnectionFailure(
+FakeXdsTransportFactory::FakeXdsTransport::FakeXdsTransport(
+    std::unique_ptr<ConnectivityStateReporter> connectivity_state_reporter,
+    bool auto_complete_messages_from_client, bool auto_report_transport_ready)
+    : auto_complete_messages_from_client_(auto_complete_messages_from_client),
+      connectivity_state_reporter_(std::move(connectivity_state_reporter)) {
+  if (auto_report_transport_ready) {
+    // Send connectivity change update indicating the channel is connected.
+    GetDefaultEventEngine()->Run(
+        [connectivity_state_reporter = connectivity_state_reporter_]() mutable {
+          ExecCtx exec_ctx;
+          connectivity_state_reporter->ReportReady();
+          connectivity_state_reporter.reset();
+        });
+  }
+}
+
+void FakeXdsTransportFactory::FakeXdsTransport::ReportConnecting() {
+  std::shared_ptr<ConnectivityStateReporter> connectivity_state_reporter;
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+    connectivity_state_reporter = connectivity_state_reporter_;
+  }
+  ExecCtx exec_ctx;
+  if (connectivity_state_reporter != nullptr) {
+    connectivity_state_reporter->ReportConnecting();
+  }
+}
+
+void FakeXdsTransportFactory::FakeXdsTransport::ReportReady() {
+  std::shared_ptr<ConnectivityStateReporter> connectivity_state_reporter;
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+    connectivity_state_reporter = connectivity_state_reporter_;
+  }
+  ExecCtx exec_ctx;
+  if (connectivity_state_reporter != nullptr) {
+    connectivity_state_reporter->ReportReady();
+  }
+}
+
+void FakeXdsTransportFactory::FakeXdsTransport::ReportTransientFailure(
     absl::Status status) {
-  RefCountedPtr<RefCountedOnConnectivityFailure> on_connectivity_failure;
+  std::shared_ptr<ConnectivityStateReporter> connectivity_state_reporter;
   {
     MutexLock lock(&mu_);
-    on_connectivity_failure = on_connectivity_failure_->Ref();
+    connectivity_state_reporter = connectivity_state_reporter_;
   }
   ExecCtx exec_ctx;
-  if (on_connectivity_failure != nullptr) {
-    on_connectivity_failure->Run(std::move(status));
+  if (connectivity_state_reporter != nullptr) {
+    connectivity_state_reporter->ReportTransientFailure(std::move(status));
   }
 }
 
 void FakeXdsTransportFactory::FakeXdsTransport::Orphan() {
   {
     MutexLock lock(&mu_);
-    // Can't destroy on_connectivity_failure_ synchronously, since that
+    // Can't destroy on_connectivity_change_ synchronously, since that
     // operation will trigger code in XdsClient that acquires its mutex, but
     // it was already holding its mutex when it called us, so it would deadlock.
-    GetDefaultEventEngine()->Run([on_connectivity_failure = std::move(
-                                      on_connectivity_failure_)]() mutable {
+    GetDefaultEventEngine()->Run([connectivity_state_reporter = std::move(
+                                      connectivity_state_reporter_)]() mutable {
       ExecCtx exec_ctx;
-      on_connectivity_failure.reset();
+      connectivity_state_reporter.reset();
     });
   }
   Unref();
@@ -211,21 +250,34 @@ constexpr char FakeXdsTransportFactory::kAdsV2Method[];
 OrphanablePtr<XdsTransportFactory::XdsTransport>
 FakeXdsTransportFactory::Create(
     const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server,
-    std::function<void(absl::Status)> on_connectivity_failure,
+    std::unique_ptr<ConnectivityStateReporter> connectivity_state_reporter,
     absl::Status* /*status*/) {
   MutexLock lock(&mu_);
   auto& entry = transport_map_[&server];
   GPR_ASSERT(entry == nullptr);
   auto transport = MakeOrphanable<FakeXdsTransport>(
-      std::move(on_connectivity_failure), auto_complete_messages_from_client_);
+      std::move(connectivity_state_reporter),
+      auto_complete_messages_from_client_, auto_report_transport_ready_);
   entry = transport->Ref();
   return transport;
 }
 
-void FakeXdsTransportFactory::TriggerConnectionFailure(
+void FakeXdsTransportFactory::ReportConnecting(
+    const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server) {
+  auto transport = GetTransport(server);
+  transport->ReportConnecting();
+}
+
+void FakeXdsTransportFactory::ReportReady(
+    const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server) {
+  auto transport = GetTransport(server);
+  transport->ReportReady();
+}
+
+void FakeXdsTransportFactory::ReportTransientFailure(
     const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server, absl::Status status) {
   auto transport = GetTransport(server);
-  transport->TriggerConnectionFailure(std::move(status));
+  transport->ReportTransientFailure(std::move(status));
 }
 
 void FakeXdsTransportFactory::SetAutoCompleteMessagesFromClient(bool value) {
@@ -233,6 +285,11 @@ void FakeXdsTransportFactory::SetAutoCompleteMessagesFromClient(bool value) {
   auto_complete_messages_from_client_ = value;
 }
 
+void FakeXdsTransportFactory::SetAutoReportTransportReady(bool value) {
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  auto_report_transport_ready_ = value;
+}
+
 RefCountedPtr<FakeXdsTransportFactory::FakeStreamingCall>
 FakeXdsTransportFactory::WaitForStream(const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server,
                                        const char* method,

test/core/xds/xds_transport_fake.h

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 #include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
 
 #include <deque>
-#include <functional>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
@@ -119,8 +118,10 @@ class FakeXdsTransportFactory : public XdsTransportFactory {
 
   using XdsTransportFactory::Ref;  // Make it public.
 
-  void TriggerConnectionFailure(const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server,
-                                absl::Status status);
+  void ReportConnecting(const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server);
+  void ReportReady(const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server);
+  void ReportTransientFailure(const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server,
+                              absl::Status status);
 
   // By default, FakeStreamingCall will automatically invoke
   // EventHandler::OnRequestSent() upon reading a request from the client.
@@ -133,6 +134,17 @@ class FakeXdsTransportFactory : public XdsTransportFactory {
   // will not be affected.
   void SetAutoCompleteMessagesFromClient(bool value);
 
+  // By default, FakeTransport will immediately report to the XdsClient
+  // that it is connected as soon as it is created.  If this is set to
+  // false, that behavior will be inhibited, and the test must invoke
+  // ReportReady() to explicitly report to the XdsClient that
+  // connectivity has been established.
+  //
+  // This value affects all transports created after this call is
+  // complete.  Any transport that already exists prior to this call
+  // will not be affected.
+  void SetAutoReportTransportReady(bool value);
+
   RefCountedPtr<FakeStreamingCall> WaitForStream(
       const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server, const char* method,
       absl::Duration timeout);
@@ -142,13 +154,10 @@ class FakeXdsTransportFactory : public XdsTransportFactory {
  private:
   class FakeXdsTransport : public XdsTransport {
    public:
-    FakeXdsTransport(std::function<void(absl::Status)> on_connectivity_failure,
-                     bool auto_complete_messages_from_client)
-        : auto_complete_messages_from_client_(
-              auto_complete_messages_from_client),
-          on_connectivity_failure_(
-              MakeRefCounted<RefCountedOnConnectivityFailure>(
-                  std::move(on_connectivity_failure))) {}
+    FakeXdsTransport(
+        std::unique_ptr<ConnectivityStateReporter> connectivity_state_reporter,
+        bool auto_complete_messages_from_client,
+        bool auto_report_transport_ready);
 
     void Orphan() override;
 
@@ -158,7 +167,9 @@ class FakeXdsTransportFactory : public XdsTransportFactory {
 
     using XdsTransport::Ref;  // Make it public.
 
-    void TriggerConnectionFailure(absl::Status status);
+    void ReportConnecting();
+    void ReportReady();
+    void ReportTransientFailure(absl::Status status);
 
     RefCountedPtr<FakeStreamingCall> WaitForStream(const char* method,
                                                    absl::Duration timeout);
@@ -166,21 +177,6 @@ class FakeXdsTransportFactory : public XdsTransportFactory {
     void RemoveStream(const char* method, FakeStreamingCall* call);
 
    private:
-    class RefCountedOnConnectivityFailure
-        : public RefCounted<RefCountedOnConnectivityFailure> {
-     public:
-      explicit RefCountedOnConnectivityFailure(
-          std::function<void(absl::Status)> on_connectivity_failure)
-          : on_connectivity_failure_(std::move(on_connectivity_failure)) {}
-
-      void Run(absl::Status status) {
-        on_connectivity_failure_(std::move(status));
-      }
-
-     private:
-      std::function<void(absl::Status)> on_connectivity_failure_;
-    };
-
     OrphanablePtr<StreamingCall> CreateStreamingCall(
         const char* method,
         std::unique_ptr<StreamingCall::EventHandler> event_handler) override;
@@ -191,7 +187,7 @@ class FakeXdsTransportFactory : public XdsTransportFactory {
 
     Mutex mu_;
     CondVar cv_;
-    RefCountedPtr<RefCountedOnConnectivityFailure> on_connectivity_failure_
+    std::shared_ptr<ConnectivityStateReporter> connectivity_state_reporter_
         ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&mu_);
     std::map<std::string /*method*/, RefCountedPtr<FakeStreamingCall>>
         active_calls_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&mu_);
@@ -199,7 +195,7 @@ class FakeXdsTransportFactory : public XdsTransportFactory {
 
   OrphanablePtr<XdsTransport> Create(
       const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server,
-      std::function<void(absl::Status)> on_connectivity_failure,
+      std::unique_ptr<ConnectivityStateReporter> connectivity_state_reporter,
       absl::Status* status) override;
 
   RefCountedPtr<FakeXdsTransport> GetTransport(
@@ -209,6 +205,7 @@ class FakeXdsTransportFactory : public XdsTransportFactory {
   std::map<const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer*, RefCountedPtr<FakeXdsTransport>>
       transport_map_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&mu_);
   bool auto_complete_messages_from_client_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&mu_) = true;
+  bool auto_report_transport_ready_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(&mu_) = true;
 };
 
 }  // namespace grpc_core