diff --git a/src/compiler/cpp_generator.cc b/src/compiler/cpp_generator.cc
index 94e56d73a6e..29bd3560f3e 100644
--- a/src/compiler/cpp_generator.cc
+++ b/src/compiler/cpp_generator.cc
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@
  *
  */
 
+#include <string>
+#include <map>
+
 #include "src/compiler/cpp_generator.h"
 
 #include "src/compiler/cpp_generator_helpers.h"
@@ -92,8 +95,8 @@ bool HasBidiStreaming(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file) {
 }
 }  // namespace
 
-string GetHeaderIncludes(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file) {
-  string temp =
+std::string GetHeaderIncludes(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file) {
+  std::string temp =
       "#include \"grpc++/impl/internal_stub.h\"\n"
       "#include \"grpc++/status.h\"\n"
       "\n"
@@ -121,7 +124,7 @@ string GetHeaderIncludes(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file) {
   return temp;
 }
 
-string GetSourceIncludes() {
+std::string GetSourceIncludes() {
   return "#include \"grpc++/channel_interface.h\"\n"
          "#include \"grpc++/impl/rpc_method.h\"\n"
          "#include \"grpc++/impl/rpc_service_method.h\"\n"
@@ -130,7 +133,7 @@ string GetSourceIncludes() {
 
 void PrintHeaderClientMethod(google::protobuf::io::Printer* printer,
                              const google::protobuf::MethodDescriptor* method,
-                             map<string, string>* vars) {
+                             std::map<std::string, std::string>* vars) {
   (*vars)["Method"] = method->name();
   (*vars)["Request"] =
       grpc_cpp_generator::ClassName(method->input_type(), true);
@@ -159,7 +162,7 @@ void PrintHeaderClientMethod(google::protobuf::io::Printer* printer,
 
 void PrintHeaderServerMethod(google::protobuf::io::Printer* printer,
                              const google::protobuf::MethodDescriptor* method,
-                             map<string, string>* vars) {
+                             std::map<std::string, std::string>* vars) {
   (*vars)["Method"] = method->name();
   (*vars)["Request"] =
       grpc_cpp_generator::ClassName(method->input_type(), true);
@@ -193,7 +196,7 @@ void PrintHeaderServerMethod(google::protobuf::io::Printer* printer,
 
 void PrintHeaderService(google::protobuf::io::Printer* printer,
                         const google::protobuf::ServiceDescriptor* service,
-                        map<string, string>* vars) {
+                        std::map<std::string, std::string>* vars) {
   (*vars)["Service"] = service->name();
 
   printer->Print(*vars,
@@ -238,11 +241,11 @@ void PrintHeaderService(google::protobuf::io::Printer* printer,
   printer->Print("};\n");
 }
 
-string GetHeaderServices(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file) {
-  string output;
+std::string GetHeaderServices(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file) {
+  std::string output;
   google::protobuf::io::StringOutputStream output_stream(&output);
   google::protobuf::io::Printer printer(&output_stream, '$');
-  map<string, string> vars;
+  std::map<std::string, std::string> vars;
 
   for (int i = 0; i < file->service_count(); ++i) {
     PrintHeaderService(&printer, file->service(i), &vars);
@@ -253,7 +256,7 @@ string GetHeaderServices(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file) {
 
 void PrintSourceClientMethod(google::protobuf::io::Printer* printer,
                              const google::protobuf::MethodDescriptor* method,
-                             map<string, string>* vars) {
+                             std::map<std::string, std::string>* vars) {
   (*vars)["Method"] = method->name();
   (*vars)["Request"] =
       grpc_cpp_generator::ClassName(method->input_type(), true);
@@ -311,7 +314,7 @@ void PrintSourceClientMethod(google::protobuf::io::Printer* printer,
 
 void PrintSourceServerMethod(google::protobuf::io::Printer* printer,
                              const google::protobuf::MethodDescriptor* method,
-                             map<string, string>* vars) {
+                             std::map<std::string, std::string>* vars) {
   (*vars)["Method"] = method->name();
   (*vars)["Request"] =
       grpc_cpp_generator::ClassName(method->input_type(), true);
@@ -361,7 +364,7 @@ void PrintSourceServerMethod(google::protobuf::io::Printer* printer,
 
 void PrintSourceService(google::protobuf::io::Printer* printer,
                         const google::protobuf::ServiceDescriptor* service,
-                        map<string, string>* vars) {
+                        std::map<std::string, std::string>* vars) {
   (*vars)["Service"] = service->name();
   printer->Print(
       *vars,
@@ -455,11 +458,11 @@ void PrintSourceService(google::protobuf::io::Printer* printer,
   printer->Print("}\n\n");
 }
 
-string GetSourceServices(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file) {
-  string output;
+std::string GetSourceServices(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file) {
+  std::string output;
   google::protobuf::io::StringOutputStream output_stream(&output);
   google::protobuf::io::Printer printer(&output_stream, '$');
-  map<string, string> vars;
+  std::map<std::string, std::string> vars;
   // Package string is empty or ends with a dot. It is used to fully qualify
   // method names.
   vars["Package"] = file->package();
diff --git a/src/compiler/cpp_generator.h b/src/compiler/cpp_generator.h
index 8bd785f13e8..1a74211b715 100644
--- a/src/compiler/cpp_generator.h
+++ b/src/compiler/cpp_generator.h
@@ -42,21 +42,19 @@ class FileDescriptor;
 }  // namespace protobuf
 }  // namespace google
 
-using namespace std;
-
 namespace grpc_cpp_generator {
 
 // Return the includes needed for generated header file.
-string GetHeaderIncludes(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file);
+std::string GetHeaderIncludes(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file);
 
 // Return the includes needed for generated source file.
-string GetSourceIncludes();
+std::string GetSourceIncludes();
 
 // Return the services for generated header file.
-string GetHeaderServices(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file);
+std::string GetHeaderServices(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file);
 
 // Return the services for generated source file.
-string GetSourceServices(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file);
+std::string GetSourceServices(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file);
 
 }  // namespace grpc_cpp_generator
 
diff --git a/src/compiler/cpp_generator_helpers.h b/src/compiler/cpp_generator_helpers.h
index ba251faf29a..1ad3cb2db3e 100644
--- a/src/compiler/cpp_generator_helpers.h
+++ b/src/compiler/cpp_generator_helpers.h
@@ -39,14 +39,12 @@
 #include <google/protobuf/descriptor.h>
 #include <google/protobuf/descriptor.pb.h>
 
-using namespace std;
-
 namespace grpc_cpp_generator {
 
-inline bool StripSuffix(string* filename, const string& suffix) {
+inline bool StripSuffix(std::string* filename, const std::string& suffix) {
   if (filename->length() >= suffix.length()) {
     size_t suffix_pos = filename->length() - suffix.length();
-    if (filename->compare(suffix_pos, string::npos, suffix) == 0) {
+    if (filename->compare(suffix_pos, std::string::npos, suffix) == 0) {
       filename->resize(filename->size() - suffix.size());
       return true;
     }
@@ -55,19 +53,20 @@ inline bool StripSuffix(string* filename, const string& suffix) {
   return false;
 }
 
-inline string StripProto(string filename) {
+inline std::string StripProto(std::string filename) {
   if (!StripSuffix(&filename, ".protodevel")) {
     StripSuffix(&filename, ".proto");
   }
   return filename;
 }
 
-inline string StringReplace(string str, const string& from, const string& to) {
+inline std::string StringReplace(std::string str, const std::string& from,
+                                 const std::string& to) {
   size_t pos = 0;
 
   for (;;) {
     pos = str.find(from, pos);
-    if (pos == string::npos) {
+    if (pos == std::string::npos) {
       break;
     }
     str.replace(pos, from.length(), to);
@@ -77,23 +76,23 @@ inline string StringReplace(string str, const string& from, const string& to) {
   return str;
 }
 
-inline string DotsToColons(const string& name) {
+inline std::string DotsToColons(const std::string& name) {
   return StringReplace(name, ".", "::");
 }
 
-inline string DotsToUnderscores(const string& name) {
+inline std::string DotsToUnderscores(const std::string& name) {
   return StringReplace(name, ".", "_");
 }
 
-inline string ClassName(const google::protobuf::Descriptor* descriptor,
-                        bool qualified) {
+inline std::string ClassName(const google::protobuf::Descriptor* descriptor,
+                             bool qualified) {
   // Find "outer", the descriptor of the top-level message in which
   // "descriptor" is embedded.
   const google::protobuf::Descriptor* outer = descriptor;
   while (outer->containing_type() != NULL) outer = outer->containing_type();
 
-  const string& outer_name = outer->full_name();
-  string inner_name = descriptor->full_name().substr(outer_name.size());
+  const std::string& outer_name = outer->full_name();
+  std::string inner_name = descriptor->full_name().substr(outer_name.size());
 
   if (qualified) {
     return "::" + DotsToColons(outer_name) + DotsToUnderscores(inner_name);
diff --git a/src/compiler/cpp_plugin.cc b/src/compiler/cpp_plugin.cc
index 17836b16125..e43278529d6 100644
--- a/src/compiler/cpp_plugin.cc
+++ b/src/compiler/cpp_plugin.cc
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@
 //
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <string>
+
 #include "src/compiler/cpp_generator.h"
 #include "src/compiler/cpp_generator_helpers.h"
 #include <google/protobuf/descriptor.h>
@@ -50,9 +52,9 @@ class CppGrpcGenerator : public google::protobuf::compiler::CodeGenerator {
   virtual ~CppGrpcGenerator() {}
 
   virtual bool Generate(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file,
-                        const string& parameter,
+                        const std::string& parameter,
                         google::protobuf::compiler::GeneratorContext* context,
-                        string* error) const {
+                        std::string* error) const {
     if (file->options().cc_generic_services()) {
       *error =
           "cpp grpc proto compiler plugin does not work with generic "
@@ -61,7 +63,7 @@ class CppGrpcGenerator : public google::protobuf::compiler::CodeGenerator {
       return false;
     }
 
-    string file_name = grpc_cpp_generator::StripProto(file->name());
+    std::string file_name = grpc_cpp_generator::StripProto(file->name());
 
     // Generate .pb.h
     Insert(context, file_name + ".pb.h", "includes",
@@ -80,8 +82,8 @@ class CppGrpcGenerator : public google::protobuf::compiler::CodeGenerator {
  private:
   // Insert the given code into the given file at the given insertion point.
   void Insert(google::protobuf::compiler::GeneratorContext* context,
-              const string& filename, const string& insertion_point,
-              const string& code) const {
+              const std::string& filename, const std::string& insertion_point,
+              const std::string& code) const {
     std::unique_ptr<google::protobuf::io::ZeroCopyOutputStream> output(
         context->OpenForInsert(filename, insertion_point));
     google::protobuf::io::CodedOutputStream coded_out(output.get());
diff --git a/src/compiler/ruby_generator.cc b/src/compiler/ruby_generator.cc
index fae8858ff72..393f8f3b593 100644
--- a/src/compiler/ruby_generator.cc
+++ b/src/compiler/ruby_generator.cc
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <cctype>
+#include <string>
 #include <map>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -56,17 +57,17 @@ namespace grpc_ruby_generator {
 namespace {
 
 // Prints out the method using the ruby gRPC DSL.
-void PrintMethod(const MethodDescriptor* method, const string& package,
+void PrintMethod(const MethodDescriptor* method, const std::string& package,
                  Printer* out) {
-  string input_type = RubyTypeOf(method->input_type()->name(), package);
+  std::string input_type = RubyTypeOf(method->input_type()->name(), package);
   if (method->client_streaming()) {
     input_type = "stream(" + input_type + ")";
   }
-  string output_type = RubyTypeOf(method->output_type()->name(), package);
+  std::string output_type = RubyTypeOf(method->output_type()->name(), package);
   if (method->server_streaming()) {
     output_type = "stream(" + output_type + ")";
   }
-  map<string, string> method_vars = ListToDict({
+  std::map<std::string, std::string> method_vars = ListToDict({
       "mth.name", method->name(), "input.type", input_type, "output.type",
       output_type,
   });
@@ -74,22 +75,22 @@ void PrintMethod(const MethodDescriptor* method, const string& package,
 }
 
 // Prints out the service using the ruby gRPC DSL.
-void PrintService(const ServiceDescriptor* service, const string& package,
+void PrintService(const ServiceDescriptor* service, const std::string& package,
                   Printer* out) {
   if (service->method_count() == 0) {
     return;
   }
 
   // Begin the service module
-  map<string, string> module_vars = ListToDict({
+  std::map<std::string, std::string> module_vars = ListToDict({
       "module.name", CapitalizeFirst(service->name()),
   });
   out->Print(module_vars, "module $module.name$\n");
   out->Indent();
 
   // TODO(temiola): add documentation
-  string doc = "TODO: add proto service documentation here";
-  map<string, string> template_vars = ListToDict({
+  std::string doc = "TODO: add proto service documentation here";
+  std::map<std::string, std::string> template_vars = ListToDict({
       "Documentation", doc,
   });
   out->Print("\n");
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ void PrintService(const ServiceDescriptor* service, const string& package,
   out->Print("\n");
   out->Print("self.marshal_class_method = :encode\n");
   out->Print("self.unmarshal_class_method = :decode\n");
-  map<string, string> pkg_vars = ListToDict({
+  std::map<std::string, std::string> pkg_vars = ListToDict({
       "service.name", service->name(), "pkg.name", package,
   });
   out->Print(pkg_vars, "self.service_name = '$pkg.name$.$service.name$'\n");
@@ -124,8 +125,8 @@ void PrintService(const ServiceDescriptor* service, const string& package,
 
 }  // namespace
 
-string GetServices(const FileDescriptor* file) {
-  string output;
+std::string GetServices(const FileDescriptor* file) {
+  std::string output;
   StringOutputStream output_stream(&output);
   Printer out(&output_stream, '$');
 
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ string GetServices(const FileDescriptor* file) {
   }
 
   // Write out a file header.
-  map<string, string> header_comment_vars = ListToDict({
+  std::map<std::string, std::string> header_comment_vars = ListToDict({
       "file.name", file->name(), "file.package", file->package(),
   });
   out.Print("# Generated by the protocol buffer compiler.  DO NOT EDIT!\n");
@@ -148,16 +149,16 @@ string GetServices(const FileDescriptor* file) {
   // Write out require statemment to import the separately generated file
   // that defines the messages used by the service. This is generated by the
   // main ruby plugin.
-  map<string, string> dep_vars = ListToDict({
+  std::map<std::string, std::string> dep_vars = ListToDict({
       "dep.name", MessagesRequireName(file),
   });
   out.Print(dep_vars, "require '$dep.name$'\n");
 
   // Write out services within the modules
   out.Print("\n");
-  vector<string> modules = Split(file->package(), '.');
+  std::vector<std::string> modules = Split(file->package(), '.');
   for (size_t i = 0; i < modules.size(); ++i) {
-    map<string, string> module_vars = ListToDict({
+    std::map<std::string, std::string> module_vars = ListToDict({
         "module.name", CapitalizeFirst(modules[i]),
     });
     out.Print(module_vars, "module $module.name$\n");
diff --git a/src/compiler/ruby_generator.h b/src/compiler/ruby_generator.h
index 4f13f1a33b0..0306536d08a 100644
--- a/src/compiler/ruby_generator.h
+++ b/src/compiler/ruby_generator.h
@@ -36,8 +36,6 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
-using namespace std;
-
 namespace google {
 namespace protobuf {
 class FileDescriptor;
@@ -46,7 +44,7 @@ class FileDescriptor;
 
 namespace grpc_ruby_generator {
 
-string GetServices(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file);
+std::string GetServices(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file);
 
 }  // namespace grpc_ruby_generator
 
diff --git a/src/compiler/ruby_generator_helpers-inl.h b/src/compiler/ruby_generator_helpers-inl.h
index 8263e353b24..7b973ed9ebe 100644
--- a/src/compiler/ruby_generator_helpers-inl.h
+++ b/src/compiler/ruby_generator_helpers-inl.h
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 namespace grpc_ruby_generator {
 
 inline bool ServicesFilename(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file,
-                             string* file_name_or_error) {
+                             std::string* file_name_or_error) {
   // Get output file name.
   static const unsigned proto_suffix_length = 6;  // length of ".proto"
   if (file->name().size() > proto_suffix_length &&
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ inline bool ServicesFilename(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file,
   }
 }
 
-inline string MessagesRequireName(
+inline std::string MessagesRequireName(
     const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file) {
   return Replace(file->name(), ".proto", "");
 }
diff --git a/src/compiler/ruby_generator_map-inl.h b/src/compiler/ruby_generator_map-inl.h
index fa86fbb9569..a49650a2f7b 100644
--- a/src/compiler/ruby_generator_map-inl.h
+++ b/src/compiler/ruby_generator_map-inl.h
@@ -48,17 +48,18 @@ namespace grpc_ruby_generator {
 
 // Converts an initializer list of the form { key0, value0, key1, value1, ... }
 // into a map of key* to value*. Is merely a readability helper for later code.
-inline map<string, string> ListToDict(const initializer_list<string>& values) {
+inline std::map<std::string, std::string> ListToDict(
+    const initializer_list<std::string>& values) {
   if (values.size() % 2 != 0) {
     // MOE: insert     std::cerr << "Not every 'key' has a value in `values`."
     // << std::endl;
   }
-  map<string, string> value_map;
+  std::map<std::string, std::string> value_map;
   auto value_iter = values.begin();
   for (unsigned i = 0; i < values.size() / 2; ++i) {
-    string key = *value_iter;
+    std::string key = *value_iter;
     ++value_iter;
-    string value = *value_iter;
+    std::string value = *value_iter;
     value_map[key] = value;
     ++value_iter;
   }
diff --git a/src/compiler/ruby_generator_string-inl.h b/src/compiler/ruby_generator_string-inl.h
index 44e17a202a7..a253f78d49a 100644
--- a/src/compiler/ruby_generator_string-inl.h
+++ b/src/compiler/ruby_generator_string-inl.h
@@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ using std::transform;
 namespace grpc_ruby_generator {
 
 // Split splits a string using char into elems.
-inline vector<string>& Split(const string& s, char delim,
-                             vector<string>* elems) {
-  stringstream ss(s);
-  string item;
+inline std::vector<std::string>& Split(const std::string& s, char delim,
+                                       std::vector<std::string>* elems) {
+  std::stringstream ss(s);
+  std::string item;
   while (getline(ss, item, delim)) {
     elems->push_back(item);
   }
@@ -56,16 +56,17 @@ inline vector<string>& Split(const string& s, char delim,
 }
 
 // Split splits a string using char, returning the result in a vector.
-inline vector<string> Split(const string& s, char delim) {
-  vector<string> elems;
+inline std::vector<std::string> Split(const std::string& s, char delim) {
+  std::vector<std::string> elems;
   Split(s, delim, &elems);
   return elems;
 }
 
 // Replace replaces from with to in s.
-inline string Replace(string s, const string& from, const string& to) {
+inline std::string Replace(std::string s, const std::string& from,
+                           const std::string& to) {
   size_t start_pos = s.find(from);
-  if (start_pos == string::npos) {
+  if (start_pos == std::string::npos) {
     return s;
   }
   s.replace(start_pos, from.length(), to);
@@ -73,10 +74,10 @@ inline string Replace(string s, const string& from, const string& to) {
 }
 
 // ReplaceAll replaces all instances of search with replace in s.
-inline string ReplaceAll(string s, const string& search,
-                         const string& replace) {
+inline std::string ReplaceAll(std::string s, const std::string& search,
+                              const std::string& replace) {
   size_t pos = 0;
-  while ((pos = s.find(search, pos)) != string::npos) {
+  while ((pos = s.find(search, pos)) != std::string::npos) {
     s.replace(pos, search.length(), replace);
     pos += replace.length();
   }
@@ -84,9 +85,10 @@ inline string ReplaceAll(string s, const string& search,
 }
 
 // ReplacePrefix replaces from with to in s if search is a prefix of s.
-inline bool ReplacePrefix(string* s, const string& from, const string& to) {
+inline bool ReplacePrefix(std::string* s, const std::string& from,
+                          const std::string& to) {
   size_t start_pos = s->find(from);
-  if (start_pos == string::npos || start_pos != 0) {
+  if (start_pos == std::string::npos || start_pos != 0) {
     return false;
   }
   s->replace(start_pos, from.length(), to);
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ inline bool ReplacePrefix(string* s, const string& from, const string& to) {
 }
 
 // CapitalizeFirst capitalizes the first char in a string.
-inline string CapitalizeFirst(string s) {
+inline std::string CapitalizeFirst(std::string s) {
   if (s.empty()) {
     return s;
   }
@@ -103,14 +105,15 @@ inline string CapitalizeFirst(string s) {
 }
 
 // RubyTypeOf updates a proto type to the required ruby equivalent.
-inline string RubyTypeOf(const string& a_type, const string& package) {
-  string res(a_type);
+inline std::string RubyTypeOf(const std::string& a_type,
+                              const std::string& package) {
+  std::string res(a_type);
   ReplacePrefix(&res, package, "");  // remove the leading package if present
   ReplacePrefix(&res, ".", "");      // remove the leading . (no package)
-  if (res.find('.') == string::npos) {
+  if (res.find('.') == std::string::npos) {
     return res;
   } else {
-    vector<string> prefixes_and_type = Split(res, '.');
+    std::vector<std::string> prefixes_and_type = Split(res, '.');
     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < prefixes_and_type.size(); ++i) {
       if (i != 0) {
         res += "::";  // switch '.' to the ruby module delim
diff --git a/src/compiler/ruby_plugin.cc b/src/compiler/ruby_plugin.cc
index c1748cfaeb0..86c0e11e1c1 100644
--- a/src/compiler/ruby_plugin.cc
+++ b/src/compiler/ruby_plugin.cc
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 // and net/proto2/compiler/public/plugin.h for more information on plugins.
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <string>
 
 #include "src/compiler/ruby_generator.h"
 #include "src/compiler/ruby_generator_helpers-inl.h"
@@ -52,16 +53,16 @@ class RubyGrpcGenerator : public google::protobuf::compiler::CodeGenerator {
   ~RubyGrpcGenerator() override {}
 
   bool Generate(const google::protobuf::FileDescriptor* file,
-                const string& parameter,
+                const std::string& parameter,
                 google::protobuf::compiler::GeneratorContext* context,
-                string* error) const override {
-    string code = grpc_ruby_generator::GetServices(file);
+                std::string* error) const override {
+    std::string code = grpc_ruby_generator::GetServices(file);
     if (code.size() == 0) {
       return true;  // don't generate a file if there are no services
     }
 
     // Get output file name.
-    string file_name;
+    std::string file_name;
     if (!grpc_ruby_generator::ServicesFilename(file, &file_name)) {
       return false;
     }