Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master' into timers

src/core/security/credentials.c

@@ -111,6 +111,11 @@ void grpc_credentials_get_request_metadata(grpc_credentials *creds,
   creds->vtable->get_request_metadata(creds, service_url, cb, user_data);
 }
 
+grpc_mdctx *grpc_credentials_get_metadata_context(grpc_credentials *creds) {
+  if (creds == NULL) return NULL;
+  return creds->vtable->get_metadata_context(creds);
+}
+
 void grpc_server_credentials_release(grpc_server_credentials *creds) {
   if (creds == NULL) return;
   creds->vtable->destroy(creds);
@@ -167,8 +172,13 @@ static int ssl_has_request_metadata_only(const grpc_credentials *creds) {
   return 0;
 }
 
+static grpc_mdctx *ssl_get_metadata_context(grpc_credentials *creds) {
+  return NULL;
+}
+
 static grpc_credentials_vtable ssl_vtable = {
-    ssl_destroy, ssl_has_request_metadata, ssl_has_request_metadata_only, NULL};
+    ssl_destroy, ssl_has_request_metadata, ssl_has_request_metadata_only,
+    ssl_get_metadata_context, NULL};
 
 static grpc_server_credentials_vtable ssl_server_vtable = {ssl_server_destroy};
 
@@ -371,9 +381,14 @@ static void jwt_get_request_metadata(grpc_credentials *creds,
   }
 }
 
+static grpc_mdctx *jwt_get_metadata_context(grpc_credentials *creds) {
+  grpc_jwt_credentials *c = (grpc_jwt_credentials *)creds;
+  return c->md_ctx;
+}
+
 static grpc_credentials_vtable jwt_vtable = {
     jwt_destroy, jwt_has_request_metadata, jwt_has_request_metadata_only,
-    jwt_get_request_metadata};
+    jwt_get_metadata_context, jwt_get_request_metadata};
 
 grpc_credentials *grpc_jwt_credentials_create(const char *json_key,
                                               gpr_timespec token_lifetime) {
@@ -585,11 +600,19 @@ static void init_oauth2_token_fetcher(grpc_oauth2_token_fetcher_credentials *c,
   c->fetch_func = fetch_func;
 }
 
+static grpc_mdctx *oauth2_token_fetcher_get_metadata_context(
+    grpc_credentials *creds) {
+  grpc_oauth2_token_fetcher_credentials *c =
+      (grpc_oauth2_token_fetcher_credentials *)creds;
+  return c->md_ctx;
+}
+
 /* -- ComputeEngine credentials. -- */
 
 static grpc_credentials_vtable compute_engine_vtable = {
     oauth2_token_fetcher_destroy, oauth2_token_fetcher_has_request_metadata,
     oauth2_token_fetcher_has_request_metadata_only,
+    oauth2_token_fetcher_get_metadata_context,
     oauth2_token_fetcher_get_request_metadata};
 
 static void compute_engine_fetch_oauth2(
@@ -633,6 +656,7 @@ static void service_account_destroy(grpc_credentials *creds) {
 static grpc_credentials_vtable service_account_vtable = {
     service_account_destroy, oauth2_token_fetcher_has_request_metadata,
     oauth2_token_fetcher_has_request_metadata_only,
+    oauth2_token_fetcher_get_metadata_context,
     oauth2_token_fetcher_get_request_metadata};
 
 static void service_account_fetch_oauth2(
@@ -706,6 +730,7 @@ static void refresh_token_destroy(grpc_credentials *creds) {
 static grpc_credentials_vtable refresh_token_vtable = {
     refresh_token_destroy, oauth2_token_fetcher_has_request_metadata,
     oauth2_token_fetcher_has_request_metadata_only,
+    oauth2_token_fetcher_get_metadata_context,
     oauth2_token_fetcher_get_request_metadata};
 
 static void refresh_token_fetch_oauth2(
@@ -801,9 +826,15 @@ static void fake_oauth2_get_request_metadata(grpc_credentials *creds,
   }
 }
 
+static grpc_mdctx *fake_oauth2_get_metadata_context(grpc_credentials *creds) {
+  grpc_fake_oauth2_credentials *c = (grpc_fake_oauth2_credentials *)creds;
+  return c->md_ctx;
+}
+
 static grpc_credentials_vtable fake_oauth2_vtable = {
     fake_oauth2_destroy, fake_oauth2_has_request_metadata,
-    fake_oauth2_has_request_metadata_only, fake_oauth2_get_request_metadata};
+    fake_oauth2_has_request_metadata_only, fake_oauth2_get_metadata_context,
+    fake_oauth2_get_request_metadata};
 
 grpc_credentials *grpc_fake_oauth2_credentials_create(
     const char *token_md_value, int is_async) {
@@ -842,10 +873,16 @@ static int fake_transport_security_has_request_metadata_only(
   return 0;
 }
 
+static grpc_mdctx *fake_transport_security_get_metadata_context(
+    grpc_credentials *c) {
+  return NULL;
+}
+
 static grpc_credentials_vtable fake_transport_security_credentials_vtable = {
     fake_transport_security_credentials_destroy,
     fake_transport_security_has_request_metadata,
-    fake_transport_security_has_request_metadata_only, NULL};
+    fake_transport_security_has_request_metadata_only,
+    fake_transport_security_get_metadata_context, NULL};
 
 static grpc_server_credentials_vtable
     fake_transport_security_server_credentials_vtable = {
@@ -995,9 +1032,26 @@ static void composite_get_request_metadata(grpc_credentials *creds,
   GPR_ASSERT(0); /* Should have exited before. */
 }
 
+static grpc_mdctx *composite_get_metadata_context(grpc_credentials *creds) {
+  grpc_composite_credentials *c = (grpc_composite_credentials *)creds;
+  grpc_mdctx *ctx = NULL;
+  size_t i;
+  for (i = 0; i < c->inner.num_creds; i++) {
+    grpc_credentials *inner_creds = c->inner.creds_array[i];
+    grpc_mdctx *inner_ctx = grpc_credentials_get_metadata_context(inner_creds);
+    if (inner_ctx) {
+      GPR_ASSERT(ctx == NULL &&
+                 "can only have one metadata context per composite credential");
+      ctx = inner_ctx;
+    }
+  }
+  return ctx;
+}
+
 static grpc_credentials_vtable composite_credentials_vtable = {
     composite_destroy, composite_has_request_metadata,
-    composite_has_request_metadata_only, composite_get_request_metadata};
+    composite_has_request_metadata_only, composite_get_metadata_context,
+    composite_get_request_metadata};
 
 static grpc_credentials_array get_creds_array(grpc_credentials **creds_addr) {
   grpc_credentials_array result;
@@ -1102,9 +1156,14 @@ static void iam_get_request_metadata(grpc_credentials *creds,
   cb(user_data, md_array, 2, GRPC_CREDENTIALS_OK);
 }
 
+static grpc_mdctx *iam_get_metadata_context(grpc_credentials *creds) {
+  grpc_iam_credentials *c = (grpc_iam_credentials *)creds;
+  return c->md_ctx;
+}
+
 static grpc_credentials_vtable iam_vtable = {
     iam_destroy, iam_has_request_metadata, iam_has_request_metadata_only,
-    iam_get_request_metadata};
+    iam_get_metadata_context, iam_get_request_metadata};
 
 grpc_credentials *grpc_iam_credentials_create(const char *token,
                                               const char *authority_selector) {

src/core/security/credentials.h

@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ typedef struct {
   void (*destroy)(grpc_credentials *c);
   int (*has_request_metadata)(const grpc_credentials *c);
   int (*has_request_metadata_only)(const grpc_credentials *c);
+  grpc_mdctx *(*get_metadata_context)(grpc_credentials *c);
   void (*get_request_metadata)(grpc_credentials *c,
                                const char *service_url,
                                grpc_credentials_metadata_cb cb,
@@ -114,6 +115,8 @@ void grpc_credentials_get_request_metadata(grpc_credentials *creds,
                                            const char *service_url,
                                            grpc_credentials_metadata_cb cb,
                                            void *user_data);
+grpc_mdctx *grpc_credentials_get_metadata_context(grpc_credentials *creds);
+
 typedef struct {
   unsigned char *pem_private_key;
   size_t pem_private_key_size;

src/core/security/security_context.c

@@ -165,6 +165,16 @@ static int check_request_metadata_creds(grpc_credentials *creds) {
   return 1;
 }
 
+static grpc_mdctx *get_or_create_mdctx(grpc_credentials *creds) {
+  grpc_mdctx *mdctx = grpc_credentials_get_metadata_context(creds);
+  if (mdctx == NULL) {
+    mdctx = grpc_mdctx_create();
+  } else {
+    grpc_mdctx_ref(mdctx);
+  }
+  return mdctx;
+}
+
 /* -- Fake implementation. -- */
 
 typedef struct {
@@ -626,7 +636,8 @@ grpc_channel *grpc_ssl_channel_create(grpc_credentials *ssl_creds,
   arg.key = GRPC_ARG_HTTP2_SCHEME;
   arg.value.string = "https";
   new_args = grpc_channel_args_copy_and_add(args, &arg);
-  channel = grpc_secure_channel_create_internal(target, new_args, ctx);
+  channel = grpc_secure_channel_create_internal(
+      target, new_args, ctx, get_or_create_mdctx(request_metadata_creds));
   grpc_security_context_unref(&ctx->base);
   grpc_channel_args_destroy(new_args);
   return channel;
@@ -637,8 +648,8 @@ grpc_channel *grpc_fake_transport_security_channel_create(
     const char *target, const grpc_channel_args *args) {
   grpc_channel_security_context *ctx =
       grpc_fake_channel_security_context_create(request_metadata_creds, 1);
-  grpc_channel *channel =
-      grpc_secure_channel_create_internal(target, args, ctx);
+  grpc_channel *channel = grpc_secure_channel_create_internal(
+      target, args, ctx, get_or_create_mdctx(request_metadata_creds));
   grpc_security_context_unref(&ctx->base);
   return channel;
 }

src/core/security/security_context.h

@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ grpc_channel *grpc_fake_transport_security_channel_create(
 
 grpc_channel *grpc_secure_channel_create_internal(
     const char *target, const grpc_channel_args *args,
-    grpc_channel_security_context *ctx);
+    grpc_channel_security_context *ctx, grpc_mdctx *mdctx);
 
 typedef grpc_channel *(*grpc_secure_channel_factory_func)(
     grpc_credentials *transport_security_creds,

src/core/surface/secure_channel_create.c

@@ -205,12 +205,11 @@ static grpc_transport_setup_result complete_setup(void *channel_stack,
                    - perform handshakes */
 grpc_channel *grpc_secure_channel_create_internal(
     const char *target, const grpc_channel_args *args,
-    grpc_channel_security_context *context) {
+    grpc_channel_security_context *context, grpc_mdctx *mdctx) {
   setup *s;
   grpc_channel *channel;
   grpc_arg context_arg;
   grpc_channel_args *args_copy;
-  grpc_mdctx *mdctx = grpc_mdctx_create();
 #define MAX_FILTERS 3
   const grpc_channel_filter *filters[MAX_FILTERS];
   int n = 0;

src/core/transport/chttp2/stream_encoder.c

@@ -171,13 +171,15 @@ static gpr_uint8 *add_tiny_header_data(framer_state *st, int len) {
   return gpr_slice_buffer_tiny_add(st->output, len);
 }
 
-static void add_elem(grpc_chttp2_hpack_compressor *c, grpc_mdelem *elem) {
+/* add an element to the decoder table: returns metadata element to unref */
+static grpc_mdelem *add_elem(grpc_chttp2_hpack_compressor *c,
+                             grpc_mdelem *elem) {
   gpr_uint32 key_hash = elem->key->hash;
   gpr_uint32 elem_hash = GRPC_MDSTR_KV_HASH(key_hash, elem->value->hash);
   gpr_uint32 new_index = c->tail_remote_index + c->table_elems + 1;
   gpr_uint32 elem_size = 32 + GPR_SLICE_LENGTH(elem->key->slice) +
                          GPR_SLICE_LENGTH(elem->value->slice);
-  int drop_ref;
+  grpc_mdelem *elem_to_unref;
 
   /* Reserve space for this element in the remote table: if this overflows
      the current table, drop elements until it fits, matching the decompressor
@@ -204,34 +206,32 @@ static void add_elem(grpc_chttp2_hpack_compressor *c, grpc_mdelem *elem) {
   if (c->entries_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_2(elem_hash)] == elem) {
     /* already there: update with new index */
     c->indices_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_2(elem_hash)] = new_index;
-    drop_ref = 1;
+    elem_to_unref = elem;
   } else if (c->entries_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_3(elem_hash)] == elem) {
     /* already there (cuckoo): update with new index */
     c->indices_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_3(elem_hash)] = new_index;
-    drop_ref = 1;
+    elem_to_unref = elem;
   } else if (c->entries_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_2(elem_hash)] == NULL) {
     /* not there, but a free element: add */
     c->entries_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_2(elem_hash)] = elem;
     c->indices_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_2(elem_hash)] = new_index;
-    drop_ref = 0;
+    elem_to_unref = NULL;
   } else if (c->entries_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_3(elem_hash)] == NULL) {
     /* not there (cuckoo), but a free element: add */
     c->entries_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_3(elem_hash)] = elem;
     c->indices_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_3(elem_hash)] = new_index;
-    drop_ref = 0;
+    elem_to_unref = NULL;
   } else if (c->indices_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_2(elem_hash)] <
              c->indices_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_3(elem_hash)]) {
     /* not there: replace oldest */
-    grpc_mdelem_unref(c->entries_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_2(elem_hash)]);
+    elem_to_unref = c->entries_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_2(elem_hash)];
     c->entries_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_2(elem_hash)] = elem;
     c->indices_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_2(elem_hash)] = new_index;
-    drop_ref = 0;
   } else {
     /* not there: replace oldest */
-    grpc_mdelem_unref(c->entries_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_3(elem_hash)]);
+    elem_to_unref = c->entries_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_3(elem_hash)];
     c->entries_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_3(elem_hash)] = elem;
     c->indices_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_3(elem_hash)] = new_index;
-    drop_ref = 0;
   }
 
   /* do exactly the same for the key (so we can find by that again too) */
@@ -257,9 +257,7 @@ static void add_elem(grpc_chttp2_hpack_compressor *c, grpc_mdelem *elem) {
     c->indices_keys[HASH_FRAGMENT_3(key_hash)] = new_index;
   }
 
-  if (drop_ref) {
-    grpc_mdelem_unref(elem);
-  }
+  return elem_to_unref;
 }
 
 static void emit_indexed(grpc_chttp2_hpack_compressor *c, gpr_uint32 index,
@@ -348,9 +346,9 @@ static gpr_uint32 dynidx(grpc_chttp2_hpack_compressor *c, gpr_uint32 index) {
          c->table_elems - index;
 }
 
-/* encode an mdelem, taking ownership of it */
-static void hpack_enc(grpc_chttp2_hpack_compressor *c, grpc_mdelem *elem,
-                      framer_state *st) {
+/* encode an mdelem; returns metadata element to unref */
+static grpc_mdelem *hpack_enc(grpc_chttp2_hpack_compressor *c,
+                              grpc_mdelem *elem, framer_state *st) {
   gpr_uint32 key_hash = elem->key->hash;
   gpr_uint32 elem_hash = GRPC_MDSTR_KV_HASH(key_hash, elem->value->hash);
   size_t decoder_space_usage;
@@ -366,8 +364,7 @@ static void hpack_enc(grpc_chttp2_hpack_compressor *c, grpc_mdelem *elem,
     /* HIT: complete element (first cuckoo hash) */
     emit_indexed(c, dynidx(c, c->indices_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_2(elem_hash)]),
                  st);
-    grpc_mdelem_unref(elem);
-    return;
+    return elem;
   }
 
   if (c->entries_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_3(elem_hash)] == elem &&
@@ -375,8 +372,7 @@ static void hpack_enc(grpc_chttp2_hpack_compressor *c, grpc_mdelem *elem,
     /* HIT: complete element (second cuckoo hash) */
     emit_indexed(c, dynidx(c, c->indices_elems[HASH_FRAGMENT_3(elem_hash)]),
                  st);
-    grpc_mdelem_unref(elem);
-    return;
+    return elem;
   }
 
   /* should this elem be in the table? */
@@ -394,12 +390,12 @@ static void hpack_enc(grpc_chttp2_hpack_compressor *c, grpc_mdelem *elem,
     /* HIT: key (first cuckoo hash) */
     if (should_add_elem) {
       emit_lithdr_incidx(c, dynidx(c, indices_key), elem, st);
-      add_elem(c, elem);
+      return add_elem(c, elem);
     } else {
       emit_lithdr_noidx(c, dynidx(c, indices_key), elem, st);
-      grpc_mdelem_unref(elem);
+      return elem;
     }
-    return;
+    abort();
   }
 
   indices_key = c->indices_keys[HASH_FRAGMENT_3(key_hash)];
@@ -408,23 +404,24 @@ static void hpack_enc(grpc_chttp2_hpack_compressor *c, grpc_mdelem *elem,
     /* HIT: key (first cuckoo hash) */
     if (should_add_elem) {
       emit_lithdr_incidx(c, dynidx(c, indices_key), elem, st);
-      add_elem(c, elem);
+      return add_elem(c, elem);
     } else {
       emit_lithdr_noidx(c, dynidx(c, indices_key), elem, st);
-      grpc_mdelem_unref(elem);
+      return elem;
     }
-    return;
+    abort();
   }
 
   /* no elem, key in the table... fall back to literal emission */
 
   if (should_add_elem) {
     emit_lithdr_incidx_v(c, elem, st);
-    add_elem(c, elem);
+    return add_elem(c, elem);
   } else {
     emit_lithdr_noidx_v(c, elem, st);
-    grpc_mdelem_unref(elem);
+    return elem;
   }
+  abort();
 }
 
 #define STRLEN_LIT(x) (sizeof(x) - 1)
@@ -433,11 +430,13 @@ static void hpack_enc(grpc_chttp2_hpack_compressor *c, grpc_mdelem *elem,
 static void deadline_enc(grpc_chttp2_hpack_compressor *c, gpr_timespec deadline,
                          framer_state *st) {
   char timeout_str[GRPC_CHTTP2_TIMEOUT_ENCODE_MIN_BUFSIZE];
+  grpc_mdelem *mdelem;
   grpc_chttp2_encode_timeout(gpr_time_sub(deadline, gpr_now()), timeout_str);
-  hpack_enc(c, grpc_mdelem_from_metadata_strings(
+  mdelem = grpc_mdelem_from_metadata_strings(
       c->mdctx, grpc_mdstr_ref(c->timeout_key_str),
-                   grpc_mdstr_from_string(c->mdctx, timeout_str)),
-            st);
+      grpc_mdstr_from_string(c->mdctx, timeout_str));
+  mdelem = hpack_enc(c, mdelem, st);
+  if (mdelem) grpc_mdelem_unref(mdelem);
 }
 
 gpr_slice grpc_chttp2_data_frame_create_empty_close(gpr_uint32 id) {
@@ -542,6 +541,9 @@ void grpc_chttp2_encode(grpc_stream_op *ops, size_t ops_count, int eof,
   grpc_stream_op *op;
   gpr_uint32 max_take_size;
   gpr_uint32 curop = 0;
+  gpr_uint32 unref_op;
+  grpc_mdctx *mdctx = compressor->mdctx;
+  int need_unref = 0;
 
   GPR_ASSERT(stream_id != 0);
 
@@ -564,7 +566,12 @@ void grpc_chttp2_encode(grpc_stream_op *ops, size_t ops_count, int eof,
         curop++;
         break;
       case GRPC_OP_METADATA:
-        hpack_enc(compressor, op->data.metadata, &st);
+        /* Encode a metadata element; store the returned value, representing
+           a metadata element that needs to be unreffed back into the metadata
+           slot. THIS MAY NOT BE THE SAME ELEMENT (if a decoder table slot got
+           updated). After this loop, we'll do a batch unref of elements. */
+        op->data.metadata = hpack_enc(compressor, op->data.metadata, &st);
+        need_unref |= op->data.metadata != NULL;
         curop++;
         break;
       case GRPC_OP_DEADLINE:
@@ -601,4 +608,15 @@ void grpc_chttp2_encode(grpc_stream_op *ops, size_t ops_count, int eof,
     begin_frame(&st, DATA);
   }
   finish_frame(&st, 1, eof);
+
+  if (need_unref) {
+    grpc_mdctx_lock(mdctx);
+    for (unref_op = 0; unref_op < curop; unref_op++) {
+      op = &ops[unref_op];
+      if (op->type != GRPC_OP_METADATA) continue;
+      if (!op->data.metadata) continue;
+      grpc_mdctx_locked_mdelem_unref(mdctx, op->data.metadata);
+    }
+    grpc_mdctx_unlock(mdctx);
+  }
 }

src/core/transport/metadata.c

@@ -555,3 +555,17 @@ gpr_slice grpc_mdstr_as_base64_encoded_and_huffman_compressed(grpc_mdstr *gs) {
   unlock(ctx);
   return slice;
 }
+
+void grpc_mdctx_lock(grpc_mdctx *ctx) { lock(ctx); }
+
+void grpc_mdctx_locked_mdelem_unref(grpc_mdctx *ctx, grpc_mdelem *gmd) {
+  internal_metadata *md = (internal_metadata *)gmd;
+  grpc_mdctx *elem_ctx = md->context;
+  GPR_ASSERT(ctx == elem_ctx);
+  assert(gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&md->refcnt) >= 1);
+  if (1 == gpr_atm_full_fetch_add(&md->refcnt, -1)) {
+    ctx->mdtab_free++;
+  }
+}
+
+void grpc_mdctx_unlock(grpc_mdctx *ctx) { unlock(ctx); }

src/core/transport/metadata.h

@@ -135,6 +135,18 @@ void grpc_mdelem_unref(grpc_mdelem *md);
    Does not promise that the returned string has no embedded nulls however. */
 const char *grpc_mdstr_as_c_string(grpc_mdstr *s);
 
+/* Batch mode metadata functions.
+   These API's have equivalents above, but allow taking the mdctx just once,
+   performing a bunch of work, and then leaving the mdctx. */
+
+/* Lock the metadata context: it's only safe to call _locked_ functions against
+   this context from the calling thread until grpc_mdctx_unlock is called */
+void grpc_mdctx_lock(grpc_mdctx *ctx);
+/* Unref a metadata element */
+void grpc_mdctx_locked_mdelem_unref(grpc_mdctx *ctx, grpc_mdelem *elem);
+/* Unlock the metadata context */
+void grpc_mdctx_unlock(grpc_mdctx *ctx);
+
 #define GRPC_MDSTR_KV_HASH(k_hash, v_hash) (GPR_ROTL((k_hash), 2) ^ (v_hash))
 
 #endif  /* GRPC_INTERNAL_CORE_TRANSPORT_METADATA_H */

tools/buildgen/generate_projects.sh

@@ -46,13 +46,11 @@ end2end_test_build=`mktemp /tmp/genXXXXXX`
 $gen_build_json > $end2end_test_build
 
 global_plugins=`find ./tools/buildgen/plugins -name '*.py' |
-  sort | grep -v __init__ |
-  while read p ; do echo -n "-p $p " ; done`
+  sort | grep -v __init__ | awk ' { printf "-p %s ", $0 } '`
 
 for dir in . ; do
   local_plugins=`find $dir/templates -name '*.py' |
-    sort | grep -v __init__ |
-    while read p ; do echo -n "-p $p " ; done`
+    sort | grep -v __init__ | awk ' { printf "-p %s ", $0 } '`
 
   plugins="$global_plugins $local_plugins"
 
@@ -60,7 +58,7 @@ for dir in . ; do
     out=${dir}/${file#$dir/templates/}  # strip templates dir prefix
     out=${out%.*}  # strip template extension
     json_files="build.json $end2end_test_build"
-    data=`for i in $json_files; do echo -n "-d $i "; done`
+    data=`for i in $json_files ; do echo $i ; done | awk ' { printf "-d %s ", $0 } '`
     if [ "x$TEST" = "xtrue" ] ; then
       actual_out=$out
       out=`mktemp /tmp/gentXXXXXX`