# API style guidelines

Generally follow guidance at https://cloud.google.com/apis/design/, in
particular for proto3 as described at:

* https://cloud.google.com/apis/design/proto3
* https://cloud.google.com/apis/design/naming_convention
* https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/style

A key aspect of our API style is maintaining stability by following the [API versioning
guidelines](API_VERSIONING.md). All developers must familiarize themselves with these guidelines,
any PR which makes breaking changes to the API will not be merged.

In addition, the following conventions should be followed:

* Every proto directory should have a `README.md` describing its content. See
  for example [envoy.service](envoy/service/README.md).

* The data plane APIs are primarily intended for machine generation and consumption.
  It is expected that the management server is responsible for mapping higher
  level configuration concepts to concrete API concepts. Similarly, static configuration
  fragments may be generated by tools and UIs, etc. The APIs and tools used
  to generate xDS configuration are beyond the scope of the definitions in this
  repository.

* Use [wrapped scalar
  types](https://github.com/google/protobuf/blob/master/src/google/protobuf/wrappers.proto)
  where there is a real need for the field to have a default value that does not
  match the proto3 defaults (0/false/""). This should not be done for fields
  where the proto3 defaults make sense. All things being equal, pick appropriate
  logic, e.g. enable vs. disable for a `bool` field, such that the proto3
  defaults work, but only where this doesn't result in API gymnastics.

* Use a `[#not-implemented-hide:]` `protodoc` annotation in comments for fields that lack Envoy
  implementation. These indicate that the entity is not implemented in Envoy and the entity
  should be hidden from the Envoy documentation.

* Always use plural field names for `repeated` fields, such as `filters`.

* Due to the fact that we consider JSON/YAML to be first class inputs, we cannot easily change a
  a singular field to a repeated field (both due to JSON/YAML array structural differences as well
  as singular vs. plural field naming). If there is a reasonable expectation that a field may need
  to be repeated in the future, but we don't need it to be repeated right away, consider making it
  repeated now but using constraints to enforce a maximum repeated size of 1. E.g.:

  ```proto
  repeated OutputSink sinks = 1 [(validate.rules).repeated = {min_items: 1, max_items: 1}];
  ```

* Always use upper camel case names for message types and enum types without embedded
  acronyms, such as `HttpRequest`.

* Prefer `oneof` selections to boolean overloads of fields, for example, prefer:

  ```proto
  oneof path_specifier {
    string simple_path = 1;
    string regex_path = 2;
  }
  ```

  to

  ```proto
  string path = 1;
  bool path_is_regex = 2;
  ```

  This is more efficient, extendable and self-describing.

* The API includes two types for representing [percents](envoy/type/percent.proto). `Percent` is
  effectively a double value in the range 0.0-100.0. `FractionalPercent` is an integral fraction
  that can be used to create a truncated percentage also in the range 0.0-100.0. In high performance
  paths, `FractionalPercent` is preferred as randomness calculations can be performed using integral
  modulo and comparison operations only without any floating point conversions. Typically, most
  users do not need infinite precision in these paths.

* For enum types, if one of the enum values is used for most cases, make it the
  first enum value with `0` numeric value. Otherwise, define the first enum
  value like `TYPE_NAME_UNSPECIFIED = 0`, and treat it as an error. This design
  pattern forces developers to explicitly choose the correct enum value for
  their use case, and avoid misunderstanding of the default behavior.

* Proto fields should be sorted logically, not by field number.

## Package organization

API definitions are layered hierarchically in packages from top-to-bottom as following:
- `envoy.extensions` contains all definitions for the extensions, the package should match the structure of the `source` directory.
- `envoy.service` contains gRPC definitions of supporting services and top-level messages for the services.
e.g. `envoy.service.route.v3` contains RDS, `envoy.service.listener.v3` contains LDS.
- `envoy.config` contains other definitions for service configuration, bootstrap and some legacy core types.
- `envoy.data` contains data format declaration for data types that Envoy produces.
- `envoy.type` contains common protobuf types such as percent, range and matchers.

Extensions should use the regular hierarchy. For example, configuration for network filters belongs
in a package under `envoy.extensions.filter.network`.

## Adding an extension configuration to the API

Extensions must currently be added as v3 APIs following the [package
organization](#package-organization) above.
To add an extension config to the API, the steps below should be followed:

1. If this is still WiP and subject to breaking changes, use `vNalpha` instead of `vN` in steps
   below. Refer to the [Cache filter config](envoy/extensions/filter/http/cache/v3alpha/cache.proto)
   as an example of `v3alpha`, and the
   [Buffer filter config](envoy/extensions/filter/http/buffer/v3/buffer.proto) as an example of `v3`.
1. Place the v3 extension configuration `.proto` in `api/envoy/extensions`, e.g.
   `api/envoy/extensions/filter/http/foobar/v3/foobar.proto` together with an initial BUILD file:
   ```bazel
   load("@envoy_api//bazel:api_build_system.bzl", "api_proto_package")

   licenses(["notice"])  # Apache 2

   api_proto_package(
       deps = ["@com_github_cncf_udpa//udpa/annotations:pkg"],
   )
   ```
1. Add to the v3 extension config proto `import "udpa/annotations/migrate.proto";`
   and `import "udpa/annotations/status.proto";`
1. If this is still WiP and subject to breaking changes, set
   `option (udpa.annotations.file_status).work_in_progress = true;`.
1. Add to the v3 extension config proto a file level
   `option (udpa.annotations.file_status).package_version_status = ACTIVE;`.
   This is required to automatically include the config proto in [api/versioning/BUILD](versioning/BUILD).
1. Add a reference to the v3 extension config in (1) in [api/versioning/BUILD](versioning/BUILD) under `active_protos`.
1. Run `./tools/proto_format/proto_format.sh fix`. This should regenerate the `BUILD` file,
   reformat `foobar.proto` as needed and also generate the v4alpha extension config (if needed),
   together with shadow API protos.
1. `git add api/ generated_api_shadow/` to add any new files to your Git index.

## API annotations

A number of annotations are used in the Envoy APIs to provide additional API
metadata. We describe these annotations below by category.

### Field level
* `[deprecated = true]` to denote fields that are deprecated in a major version.
  These fields are slated for removal at the next major cycle and follow the
  [breaking change policy](../CONTRIBUTING.md#breaking-change-policy).
* `[envoy.annotations.disallowed_by_default = true]` to denote fields that have
  been disallowed by default as per the [breaking change policy](../CONTRIBUTING.md#breaking-change-policy).
* `[(udpa.annotations.field_migrate).rename = "<new field name>"]` to denote that
  the field will be renamed to a given name in the next API major version.
* `[(udpa.annotations.field_migrate).oneof_promotion = "<oneof name>"]` to denote that
  the field will be promoted to a given `oneof` in the next API major version.
* `[(udpa.annotations.sensitive) = true]` to denote sensitive fields that
  should be redacted in output such as logging or configuration dumps.
* [PGV annotations](https://github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate) to denote field
  value constraints.

### Enum value level
* `[(udpa.annotations.enum_value_migrate).rename = "new enum value name"]` to denote that
  the enum value will be renamed to a given name in the next API major version.

### Message level
* `option (udpa.annotations.versioning).previous_message_type = "<message type
  name>";` to denote the previous type name for an upgraded message. You should
  never have to write these manually, they are generated by `protoxform`.

### Service level
* `option (envoy.annotations.resource).type = "<resource type name>";` to denote
  the resource type for an xDS service definition.

### File level
* `option (udpa.annotations.file_migrate).move_to_package = "<package name>";`
  to denote that in the next major version of the API, the file will be moved to
  the given package. This is consumed by `protoxform`.
* `option (udpa.annotations.file_status).work_in_progress = true;` to denote a
  file that is still work-in-progress and subject to breaking changes.