Merge branch 'newapi' of https://github.com/aquynh/capstone into next

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ set(SOURCES
     utils.c
     )
 
-set(TEST_SOURCES test.c test_detail.c test_skipdata.c)
+set(TEST_SOURCES test.c test_detail.c test_skipdata.c test_iter.c)
 
 ## architecture support
 if (CAPSTONE_ARM_SUPPORT)

cs.c

@@ -238,9 +238,8 @@ cs_err cs_close(csh *handle)
 	if (ud->printer_info)
 		cs_mem_free(ud->printer_info);
 
-	// arch_destroy[ud->arch](ud);
-
 	cs_mem_free(ud->insn_cache);
+
 	memset(ud, 0, sizeof(*ud));
 	cs_mem_free(ud);
 
@@ -410,7 +409,7 @@ static void skipdata_opstr(char *opstr, const uint8_t *buffer, size_t size)
 CAPSTONE_EXPORT
 size_t cs_disasm(csh ud, const uint8_t *buffer, size_t size, uint64_t offset, size_t count, cs_insn **insn)
 {
-	struct cs_struct *handle = (struct cs_struct *)(uintptr_t)ud;
+	struct cs_struct *handle;
 	MCInst mci;
 	uint16_t insn_size;
 	size_t c = 0, i;
@@ -427,6 +426,7 @@ size_t cs_disasm(csh ud, const uint8_t *buffer, size_t size, uint64_t offset, si
 	unsigned int cache_size = INSN_CACHE_SIZE;
 	size_t next_offset;
 
+	handle = (struct cs_struct *)(uintptr_t)ud;
 	if (!handle) {
 		// FIXME: how to handle this case:
 		// handle->errnum = CS_ERR_HANDLE;
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ size_t cs_disasm(csh ud, const uint8_t *buffer, size_t size, uint64_t offset, si
 			// we have to skip some amount of data, depending on arch & mode
 			insn_cache->id = 0;	// invalid ID for this "data" instruction
 			insn_cache->address = offset;
-			insn_cache->size = (uint16_t) skipdata_bytes;
+			insn_cache->size = (uint16_t)skipdata_bytes;
 			memcpy(insn_cache->bytes, buffer, skipdata_bytes);
 			strncpy(insn_cache->mnemonic, handle->skipdata_setup.mnemonic,
 					sizeof(insn_cache->mnemonic) - 1);
@@ -612,6 +612,119 @@ void cs_free(cs_insn *insn, size_t count)
 	cs_mem_free(insn);
 }
 
+CAPSTONE_EXPORT
+cs_insn *cs_malloc(csh ud)
+{
+	cs_insn *insn;
+	struct cs_struct *handle = (struct cs_struct *)(uintptr_t)ud;
+
+	insn = cs_mem_malloc(sizeof(cs_insn));
+	if (!insn) {
+		// insufficient memory
+		handle->errnum = CS_ERR_MEM;
+		return NULL;
+	} else {
+		if (handle->detail) {
+			// allocate memory for @detail pointer
+			insn->detail = cs_mem_malloc(sizeof(cs_detail));
+			if (insn->detail == NULL) {	// insufficient memory
+				cs_mem_free(insn);
+				handle->errnum = CS_ERR_MEM;
+				return NULL;
+			}
+		} else
+			insn->detail = NULL;
+	}
+
+	return insn;
+}
+
+// iterator for instruction "single-stepping"
+CAPSTONE_EXPORT
+bool cs_disasm_iter(csh ud, const uint8_t **code, size_t *size,
+		uint64_t *address, cs_insn *insn)
+{
+	struct cs_struct *handle;
+	uint16_t insn_size;
+	MCInst mci;
+	bool r;
+
+	handle = (struct cs_struct *)(uintptr_t)ud;
+	if (!handle) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	handle->errnum = CS_ERR_OK;
+
+	MCInst_Init(&mci);
+	mci.csh = handle;
+
+	// relative branches need to know the address & size of current insn
+	mci.address = *address;
+
+	// save all the information for non-detailed mode
+	mci.flat_insn = insn;
+	mci.flat_insn->address = *address;
+#ifdef CAPSTONE_DIET
+	// zero out mnemonic & op_str
+	mci.flat_insn->mnemonic[0] = '\0';
+	mci.flat_insn->op_str[0] = '\0';
+#endif
+
+	r = handle->disasm(ud, *code, *size, &mci, &insn_size, *address, handle->getinsn_info);
+	if (r) {
+		SStream ss;
+		SStream_Init(&ss);
+
+		mci.flat_insn->size = insn_size;
+		handle->printer(&mci, &ss, handle->printer_info);
+		fill_insn(handle, insn, ss.buffer, &mci, handle->post_printer, *code);
+		*code += insn_size;
+		*size -= insn_size;
+		*address += insn_size;
+	} else { 	// encounter a broken instruction
+		size_t skipdata_bytes;
+
+		// if there is no request to skip data, or remaining data is too small,
+		// then bail out
+		if (!handle->skipdata || handle->skipdata_size > *size)
+			return false;
+
+		if (handle->skipdata_setup.callback) {
+			skipdata_bytes = handle->skipdata_setup.callback(*code, *size,
+					0, handle->skipdata_setup.user_data);
+			if (skipdata_bytes > *size)
+				// remaining data is not enough
+				return false;
+
+			if (!skipdata_bytes)
+				// user requested not to skip data, so bail out
+				return false;
+		} else
+			skipdata_bytes = handle->skipdata_size;
+
+		// we have to skip some amount of data, depending on arch & mode
+		insn->id = 0;	// invalid ID for this "data" instruction
+		insn->address = *address;
+		insn->size = (uint16_t)skipdata_bytes;
+		memcpy(insn->bytes, *code, skipdata_bytes);
+		strncpy(insn->mnemonic, handle->skipdata_setup.mnemonic,
+				sizeof(insn->mnemonic) - 1);
+		skipdata_opstr(insn->op_str, *code, skipdata_bytes);
+
+		// NOTE: if detail mode is OFF, content of detail pointer is irrelevant
+		// to be sure, zero out content of detail pointer
+		if (insn->detail)
+			memset(insn->detail, 0, sizeof(cs_detail));
+
+		*code += skipdata_bytes;
+		*size -= skipdata_bytes;
+		*address += skipdata_bytes;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
 // return friendly name of regiser in a string
 CAPSTONE_EXPORT
 const char *cs_reg_name(csh ud, unsigned int reg)

include/capstone.h

@@ -126,16 +126,19 @@ typedef enum cs_opt_value {
 	CS_OPT_SYNTAX_NOREGNAME, // Prints register name with only number (CS_OPT_SYNTAX)
 } cs_opt_value;
 
-// User-defined callback function for SKIPDATA option
+/*
-// @code: the input buffer containing code to be disassembled. This is the 
+ User-defined callback function for SKIPDATA option
-//      same buffer passed to cs_disasm().
+ @code: the input buffer containing code to be disassembled.
-// @code_size: size (in bytes) of the above @code buffer.
+        This is the same buffer passed to cs_disasm().
-// @offset: the position of the currently-examining byte in the input
+ @code_size: size (in bytes) of the above @code buffer.
-//      buffer @code mentioned above.
+ @offset: the position of the currently-examining byte in the input
-// @user_data: user-data passed to cs_option() via @user_data field in
+      buffer @code mentioned above.
-//      cs_opt_skipdata struct below.
+ @user_data: user-data passed to cs_option() via @user_data field in
-// @return: return number of bytes to skip, or 0 to immediately stop disassembling.
+      cs_opt_skipdata struct below.
-typedef size_t (*cs_skipdata_cb_t)(const uint8_t *code, size_t code_size, size_t offset, void* user_data);
+
+ @return: return number of bytes to skip, or 0 to immediately stop disassembling.
+*/
+typedef size_t (*cs_skipdata_cb_t)(const uint8_t *code, size_t code_size, size_t offset, void *user_data);
 
 // User-customized setup for SKIPDATA option
 typedef struct cs_opt_skipdata {
@@ -334,7 +337,7 @@ cs_err cs_close(csh *handle);
  @type: type of option to be set
  @value: option value corresponding with @type
 
- @return CS_ERR_OK on success, or other value on failure.
+ @return: CS_ERR_OK on success, or other value on failure.
  Refer to cs_err enum for detailed error.
 
  NOTE: in the case of CS_OPT_MEM, handle's value can be anything,
@@ -368,21 +371,24 @@ CAPSTONE_EXPORT
 const char *cs_strerror(cs_err code);
 
 /*
- Dynamicly allocate memory to contain disasm insn
+ Disassemble binary code, given the code buffer, size, address and number
- Disassembled instructions will be put into @*insn
+ of instructions to be decoded.
+ This API dynamicly allocate memory to contain disassembled instruction.
+ Resulted instructions will be put into @*insn
 
  NOTE 1: this API will automatically determine memory needed to contain
  output disassembled instructions in @insn.
- NOTE 2: caller must free() the allocated memory itself to avoid memory leaking
+ NOTE 2: caller must free the allocated memory itself to avoid memory leaking.
 
  @handle: handle returned by cs_open()
- @code: buffer containing raw binary code to be disassembled
+ @code: buffer containing raw binary code to be disassembled.
- @code_size: size of above code
+ @code_size: size of the above code buffer.
- @address: address of the first insn in given raw code buffer
+ @address: address of the first instruction in given raw code buffer.
- @insn: array of insn filled in by this function
+ @insn: array of instructions filled in by this API.
 	   NOTE: @insn will be allocated by this function, and should be freed
 	   with cs_free() API.
  @count: number of instrutions to be disassembled, or 0 to get all of them
+
  @return: the number of succesfully disassembled instructions,
  or 0 if this function failed to disassemble the given code
 
@@ -408,14 +414,57 @@ size_t cs_disasm_ex(csh handle,
 		cs_insn **insn);
 
 /*
- Free memory allocated in @insn by cs_disasm()
+ Free memory allocated by cs_malloc() or cs_disasm() (argument @insn)
 
- @insn: pointer returned by @insn argument in cs_disasm()
+ @insn: pointer returned by @insn argument in cs_disasm() or cs_malloc()
- @count: number of cs_insn structures returned by cs_disasm()
+ @count: number of cs_insn structures returned by cs_disasm(), or 1
+     to free memory allocated by cs_malloc().
 */
 CAPSTONE_EXPORT
 void cs_free(cs_insn *insn, size_t count);
 
+
+/*
+ Allocate memory for 1 instruction to be used by cs_disasm_iter().
+
+ @handle: handle returned by cs_open()
+
+ NOTE: when no longer in use, you can reclaim the memory allocated for
+ this instruction with cs_free(insn, 1)
+*/
+CAPSTONE_EXPORT
+cs_insn *cs_malloc(csh handle);
+
+/*
+ Fast API to disassemble binary code, given the code buffer, size, address
+ and number of instructions to be decoded.
+ This API put the resulted instruction into a given cache in @insn.
+
+ NOTE 1: this API will update @code, @size & @address to point to the next
+ instruction in the input buffer. Therefore, it is covenient to use
+ cs_disasm_iter() inside a loop to quickly iterate all the instructions.
+ While decoding one instruction at a time can also be achieved with
+ cs_disasm(count=1), some benchmarks shown that cs_disasm_iter() can be 30%
+ faster on random input.
+
+ NOTE 2: the cache in @insn can be created with cs_malloc() API.
+
+ @handle: handle returned by cs_open()
+ @code: buffer containing raw binary code to be disassembled
+ @code_size: size of above code
+ @address: address of the first insn in given raw code buffer
+ @insn: pointer to instruction to be filled in by this API.
+
+ @return: true if this API successfully decode 1 instruction,
+ or false otherwise.
+
+ On failure, call cs_errno() for error code.
+*/
+CAPSTONE_EXPORT
+bool cs_disasm_iter(csh handle,
+	const uint8_t **code, size_t *size,
+	uint64_t *address, cs_insn *insn);
+
 /*
  Return friendly name of regiser in a string.
  Find the instruction id from header file of corresponding architecture (arm.h for ARM,
@@ -426,6 +475,7 @@ void cs_free(cs_insn *insn, size_t count);
 
  @handle: handle returned by cs_open()
  @reg_id: register id
+
  @return: string name of the register, or NULL if @reg_id is invalid.
 */
 CAPSTONE_EXPORT

tests/Makefile

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ endif
 
 .PHONY: all clean
 
-SOURCES = test.c test_detail.c test_skipdata.c
+SOURCES = test.c test_detail.c test_skipdata.c test_iter.c
 ifneq (,$(findstring arm,$(CAPSTONE_ARCHS)))
 SOURCES += test_arm.c
 endif

tests/README

@@ -10,6 +10,15 @@ This directory contains some test code to show how to use Capstone API.
   instructions, such as implicit registers read/written, or groups of instructions
   that this instruction belong to.
 
+- test_skipdata.c:
+  This code shows how to use SKIPDATA option to skip broken instructions (most likely
+  some data mixed with instructions) and continue to decode at the next legitimate
+  instructions.
+
+- test_iter.c:
+  This code shows how to use the API cs_disasm_iter() to decode one instruction at
+  a time inside a loop.
+
 - test_<arch>.c
   These code show how to access architecture-specific information for each
   architecture.

tests/test_detail.c

@@ -215,9 +215,6 @@ static void test()
 
 				// print implicit registers used by this instruction
 				detail = i->detail;
-				// detail can be NULL on "data" instruction since we turned on SKIPDATA option above.
-				if (!detail)
-					continue;
 
 				if (detail->regs_read_count > 0) {
 					printf("\tImplicit registers read: ");

tests/test_iter.c

@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+/* Capstone Disassembler Engine */
+/* By Nguyen Anh Quynh <aquynh@gmail.com>, 2013> */
+
+// This sample code demonstrates the APIs cs_malloc() & cs_disasm_iter().
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "../inttypes.h"
+
+#include <capstone.h>
+
+struct platform {
+	cs_arch arch;
+	cs_mode mode;
+	unsigned char *code;
+	size_t size;
+	char *comment;
+	cs_opt_type opt_type;
+	cs_opt_value opt_value;
+};
+
+static void print_string_hex(unsigned char *str, size_t len)
+{
+	unsigned char *c;
+
+	printf("Code: ");
+	for (c = str; c < str + len; c++) {
+		printf("0x%02x ", *c & 0xff);
+	}
+	printf("\n");
+}
+
+static void test()
+{
+#define X86_CODE16 "\x8d\x4c\x32\x08\x01\xd8\x81\xc6\x34\x12\x00\x00"
+#define X86_CODE32 "\x8d\x4c\x32\x08\x01\xd8\x81\xc6\x34\x12\x00\x00"
+//#define X86_CODE32 "\x0f\xa7\xc0"	// xstorerng
+#define X86_CODE64 "\x55\x48\x8b\x05\xb8\x13\x00\x00"
+//#define ARM_CODE "\x04\xe0\x2d\xe5"
+#define ARM_CODE "\xED\xFF\xFF\xEB\x04\xe0\x2d\xe5\x00\x00\x00\x00\xe0\x83\x22\xe5\xf1\x02\x03\x0e\x00\x00\xa0\xe3\x02\x30\xc1\xe7\x00\x00\x53\xe3"
+#define ARM_CODE2 "\x10\xf1\x10\xe7\x11\xf2\x31\xe7\xdc\xa1\x2e\xf3\xe8\x4e\x62\xf3"
+#define THUMB_CODE "\x70\x47\xeb\x46\x83\xb0\xc9\x68"
+#define THUMB_CODE2 "\x4f\xf0\x00\x01\xbd\xe8\x00\x88\xd1\xe8\x00\xf0"
+#define MIPS_CODE "\x0C\x10\x00\x97\x00\x00\x00\x00\x24\x02\x00\x0c\x8f\xa2\x00\x00\x34\x21\x34\x56\x00\x80\x04\x08"
+//#define MIPS_CODE "\x21\x38\x00\x01"
+//#define MIPS_CODE "\x21\x30\xe6\x70"
+//#define MIPS_CODE "\x1c\x00\x40\x14"
+#define MIPS_CODE2 "\x56\x34\x21\x34\xc2\x17\x01\x00"
+//#define ARM64_CODE "\xe1\x0b\x40\xb9"	// ldr		w1, [sp, #0x8]
+//#define ARM64_CODE "\x00\x40\x21\x4b"	// 	sub		w0, w0, w1, uxtw
+//#define ARM64_CODE "\x21\x7c\x02\x9b"	// mul	x1, x1, x2
+//#define ARM64_CODE "\x20\x74\x0b\xd5"	// dc	zva, x0
+//#define ARM64_CODE "\x20\xfc\x02\x9b"	// mneg	x0, x1, x2
+//#define ARM64_CODE "\x21\x7c\x02\x9b\x21\x7c\x00\x53\x00\x40\x21\x4b\xe1\x0b\x40\xb9\x10\x20\x21\x1e"
+//#define ARM64_CODE "\x21\x7c\x00\x53"
+#define ARM64_CODE "\x09\x00\x38\xd5\xbf\x40\x00\xd5\x0c\x05\x13\xd5\x20\x50\x02\x0e\x20\xe4\x3d\x0f\x00\x18\xa0\x5f\xa2\x00\xae\x9e\x9f\x37\x03\xd5\xbf\x33\x03\xd5\xdf\x3f\x03\xd5\x21\x7c\x02\x9b\x21\x7c\x00\x53\x00\x40\x21\x4b\xe1\x0b\x40\xb9\x20\x04\x81\xda\x20\x08\x02\x8b\x10\x5b\xe8\x3c"
+//#define THUMB_CODE "\x0a\xbf" // itet eq
+//#define X86_CODE32 "\x77\x04"	// ja +6
+#define PPC_CODE "\x80\x20\x00\x00\x80\x3f\x00\x00\x10\x43\x23\x0e\xd0\x44\x00\x80\x4c\x43\x22\x02\x2d\x03\x00\x80\x7c\x43\x20\x14\x7c\x43\x20\x93\x4f\x20\x00\x21\x4c\xc8\x00\x21\x40\x82\x00\x14"
+#define SPARC_CODE "\x80\xa0\x40\x02\x85\xc2\x60\x08\x85\xe8\x20\x01\x81\xe8\x00\x00\x90\x10\x20\x01\xd5\xf6\x10\x16\x21\x00\x00\x0a\x86\x00\x40\x02\x01\x00\x00\x00\x12\xbf\xff\xff\x10\xbf\xff\xff\xa0\x02\x00\x09\x0d\xbf\xff\xff\xd4\x20\x60\x00\xd4\x4e\x00\x16\x2a\xc2\x80\x03"
+#define SPARCV9_CODE "\x81\xa8\x0a\x24\x89\xa0\x10\x20\x89\xa0\x1a\x60\x89\xa0\x00\xe0"
+#define SYSZ_CODE "\xed\x00\x00\x00\x00\x1a\x5a\x0f\x1f\xff\xc2\x09\x80\x00\x00\x00\x07\xf7\xeb\x2a\xff\xff\x7f\x57\xe3\x01\xff\xff\x7f\x57\xeb\x00\xf0\x00\x00\x24\xb2\x4f\x00\x78"
+#define XCORE_CODE "\xfe\x0f\xfe\x17\x13\x17\xc6\xfe\xec\x17\x97\xf8\xec\x4f\x1f\xfd\xec\x37\x07\xf2\x45\x5b\xf9\xfa\x02\x06\x1b\x10"
+
+	struct platform platforms[] = {
+		{
+			CS_ARCH_X86,
+			CS_MODE_16,
+			(unsigned char *)X86_CODE16,
+			sizeof(X86_CODE32) - 1,
+			"X86 16bit (Intel syntax)"
+		},
+		{
+			CS_ARCH_X86,
+			CS_MODE_32,
+			(unsigned char *)X86_CODE32,
+			sizeof(X86_CODE32) - 1,
+			"X86 32bit (ATT syntax)",
+			CS_OPT_SYNTAX,
+			CS_OPT_SYNTAX_ATT,
+		},
+		{
+			CS_ARCH_X86,
+			CS_MODE_32,
+			(unsigned char *)X86_CODE32,
+			sizeof(X86_CODE32) - 1,
+			"X86 32 (Intel syntax)"
+		},
+		{
+			CS_ARCH_X86,
+			CS_MODE_64,
+			(unsigned char *)X86_CODE64,
+			sizeof(X86_CODE64) - 1,
+			"X86 64 (Intel syntax)"
+		},
+		{
+			CS_ARCH_ARM,
+			CS_MODE_ARM,
+			(unsigned char *)ARM_CODE,
+			sizeof(ARM_CODE) - 1,
+			"ARM"
+		},
+		{
+			CS_ARCH_ARM,
+			CS_MODE_THUMB,
+			(unsigned char *)THUMB_CODE2,
+			sizeof(THUMB_CODE2) - 1,
+			"THUMB-2"
+		},
+		{
+			CS_ARCH_ARM,
+			CS_MODE_ARM,
+			(unsigned char *)ARM_CODE2,
+			sizeof(ARM_CODE2) - 1,
+			"ARM: Cortex-A15 + NEON"
+		},
+		{
+			CS_ARCH_ARM,
+			CS_MODE_THUMB,
+			(unsigned char *)THUMB_CODE,
+			sizeof(THUMB_CODE) - 1,
+			"THUMB"
+		},
+		{
+			CS_ARCH_MIPS,
+			(cs_mode)(CS_MODE_32 + CS_MODE_BIG_ENDIAN),
+			(unsigned char *)MIPS_CODE,
+			sizeof(MIPS_CODE) - 1,
+			"MIPS-32 (Big-endian)"
+		},
+		{
+			CS_ARCH_MIPS,
+			(cs_mode)(CS_MODE_64 + CS_MODE_LITTLE_ENDIAN),
+			(unsigned char *)MIPS_CODE2,
+			sizeof(MIPS_CODE2) - 1,
+			"MIPS-64-EL (Little-endian)"
+		},
+		{
+			CS_ARCH_ARM64,
+			CS_MODE_ARM,
+			(unsigned char *)ARM64_CODE,
+			sizeof(ARM64_CODE) - 1,
+			"ARM-64"
+		},
+		{
+			CS_ARCH_PPC,
+			CS_MODE_BIG_ENDIAN,
+			(unsigned char*)PPC_CODE,
+			sizeof(PPC_CODE) - 1,
+			"PPC-64"
+		},
+		{
+			CS_ARCH_SPARC,
+			CS_MODE_BIG_ENDIAN,
+			(unsigned char*)SPARC_CODE,
+			sizeof(SPARC_CODE) - 1,
+			"Sparc"
+		},
+		{
+			CS_ARCH_SPARC,
+			(cs_mode)(CS_MODE_BIG_ENDIAN + CS_MODE_V9),
+			(unsigned char*)SPARCV9_CODE,
+			sizeof(SPARCV9_CODE) - 1,
+			"SparcV9"
+		},
+		{
+			CS_ARCH_SYSZ,
+			(cs_mode)0,
+			(unsigned char*)SYSZ_CODE,
+			sizeof(SYSZ_CODE) - 1,
+			"SystemZ"
+		},
+		{
+			CS_ARCH_XCORE,
+			(cs_mode)0,
+			(unsigned char*)XCORE_CODE,
+			sizeof(XCORE_CODE) - 1,
+			"XCore"
+		},
+	};
+
+	csh handle;
+	uint64_t address;
+	cs_insn *insn;
+	cs_detail *detail;
+	int i;
+	cs_err err;
+	const uint8_t *code;
+	size_t size;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < sizeof(platforms)/sizeof(platforms[0]); i++) {
+		printf("****************\n");
+		printf("Platform: %s\n", platforms[i].comment);
+		err = cs_open(platforms[i].arch, platforms[i].mode, &handle);
+		if (err) {
+			printf("Failed on cs_open() with error returned: %u\n", err);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (platforms[i].opt_type)
+			cs_option(handle, platforms[i].opt_type, platforms[i].opt_value);
+
+		cs_option(handle, CS_OPT_DETAIL, CS_OPT_ON);
+
+		// allocate memory for the cache to be used by cs_disasm_iter()
+		insn = cs_malloc(handle);
+
+		print_string_hex(platforms[i].code, platforms[i].size);
+		printf("Disasm:\n");
+
+		address = 0x1000;
+		code = platforms[i].code;
+		size = platforms[i].size;
+		while(cs_disasm_iter(handle, &code, &size, &address, insn)) {
+			int n;
+
+			printf("0x%"PRIx64":\t%s\t\t%s // insn-ID: %u, insn-mnem: %s\n",
+					insn->address, insn->mnemonic, insn->op_str,
+					insn->id, cs_insn_name(handle, insn->id));
+
+			// print implicit registers used by this instruction
+			detail = insn->detail;
+
+			if (detail->regs_read_count > 0) {
+				printf("\tImplicit registers read: ");
+				for (n = 0; n < detail->regs_read_count; n++) {
+					printf("%s ", cs_reg_name(handle, detail->regs_read[n]));
+				}
+				printf("\n");
+			}
+
+			// print implicit registers modified by this instruction
+			if (detail->regs_write_count > 0) {
+				printf("\tImplicit registers modified: ");
+				for (n = 0; n < detail->regs_write_count; n++) {
+					printf("%s ", cs_reg_name(handle, detail->regs_write[n]));
+				}
+				printf("\n");
+			}
+
+			// print the groups this instruction belong to
+			if (detail->groups_count > 0) {
+				printf("\tThis instruction belongs to groups: ");
+				for (n = 0; n < detail->groups_count; n++) {
+					printf("%s ", cs_group_name(handle, detail->groups[n]));
+				}
+				printf("\n");
+			}
+		}
+
+		printf("\n");
+
+		// free memory allocated by cs_malloc()
+		cs_free(insn, 1);
+
+		cs_close(&handle);
+	}
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+	test();
+
+	return 0;
+}