diff --git a/libavcodec/flicvideo.c b/libavcodec/flicvideo.c
index 76a7976a7d..a2d59e86c3 100644
--- a/libavcodec/flicvideo.c
+++ b/libavcodec/flicvideo.c
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
 
 typedef struct FlicDecodeContext {
     AVCodecContext *avctx;
-    AVFrame frame;
+    AVFrame *frame;
 
     unsigned int palette[256];
     int new_palette;
@@ -141,7 +141,10 @@ static av_cold int flic_decode_init(AVCodecContext *avctx)
                   return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
     }
 
-    avcodec_get_frame_defaults(&s->frame);
+    s->frame = av_frame_alloc();
+    if (!s->frame)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
     s->new_palette = 0;
 
     return 0;
@@ -185,11 +188,11 @@ static int flic_decode_frame_8BPP(AVCodecContext *avctx,
 
     bytestream2_init(&g2, buf, buf_size);
 
-    if ((ret = ff_reget_buffer(avctx, &s->frame)) < 0)
+    if ((ret = ff_reget_buffer(avctx, s->frame)) < 0)
         return ret;
 
-    pixels = s->frame.data[0];
-    pixel_limit = s->avctx->height * s->frame.linesize[0];
+    pixels = s->frame->data[0];
+    pixel_limit = s->avctx->height * s->frame->linesize[0];
     if (buf_size < 16 || buf_size > INT_MAX - (3 * 256 + FF_INPUT_BUFFER_PADDING_SIZE))
         return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
     frame_size = bytestream2_get_le32(&g2);
@@ -273,12 +276,12 @@ static int flic_decode_frame_8BPP(AVCodecContext *avctx,
                 if ((line_packets & 0xC000) == 0xC000) {
                     // line skip opcode
                     line_packets = -line_packets;
-                    y_ptr += line_packets * s->frame.linesize[0];
+                    y_ptr += line_packets * s->frame->linesize[0];
                 } else if ((line_packets & 0xC000) == 0x4000) {
                     av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Undefined opcode (%x) in DELTA_FLI\n", line_packets);
                 } else if ((line_packets & 0xC000) == 0x8000) {
                     // "last byte" opcode
-                    pixel_ptr= y_ptr + s->frame.linesize[0] - 1;
+                    pixel_ptr= y_ptr + s->frame->linesize[0] - 1;
                     CHECK_PIXEL_PTR(0);
                     pixels[pixel_ptr] = line_packets & 0xff;
                 } else {
@@ -313,7 +316,7 @@ static int flic_decode_frame_8BPP(AVCodecContext *avctx,
                         }
                     }
 
-                    y_ptr += s->frame.linesize[0];
+                    y_ptr += s->frame->linesize[0];
                 }
             }
             break;
@@ -322,7 +325,7 @@ static int flic_decode_frame_8BPP(AVCodecContext *avctx,
             /* line compressed */
             starting_line = bytestream2_get_le16(&g2);
             y_ptr = 0;
-            y_ptr += starting_line * s->frame.linesize[0];
+            y_ptr += starting_line * s->frame->linesize[0];
 
             compressed_lines = bytestream2_get_le16(&g2);
             while (compressed_lines > 0) {
@@ -359,7 +362,7 @@ static int flic_decode_frame_8BPP(AVCodecContext *avctx,
                     }
                 }
 
-                y_ptr += s->frame.linesize[0];
+                y_ptr += s->frame->linesize[0];
                 compressed_lines--;
             }
             break;
@@ -367,7 +370,7 @@ static int flic_decode_frame_8BPP(AVCodecContext *avctx,
         case FLI_BLACK:
             /* set the whole frame to color 0 (which is usually black) */
             memset(pixels, 0,
-                s->frame.linesize[0] * s->avctx->height);
+                s->frame->linesize[0] * s->avctx->height);
             break;
 
         case FLI_BRUN:
@@ -414,7 +417,7 @@ static int flic_decode_frame_8BPP(AVCodecContext *avctx,
                     }
                 }
 
-                y_ptr += s->frame.linesize[0];
+                y_ptr += s->frame->linesize[0];
             }
             break;
 
@@ -425,8 +428,8 @@ static int flic_decode_frame_8BPP(AVCodecContext *avctx,
                        "has incorrect size, skipping chunk\n", chunk_size - 6);
                 bytestream2_skip(&g2, chunk_size - 6);
             } else {
-                for (y_ptr = 0; y_ptr < s->frame.linesize[0] * s->avctx->height;
-                     y_ptr += s->frame.linesize[0]) {
+                for (y_ptr = 0; y_ptr < s->frame->linesize[0] * s->avctx->height;
+                     y_ptr += s->frame->linesize[0]) {
                     bytestream2_get_buffer(&g2, &pixels[y_ptr],
                                            s->avctx->width);
                 }
@@ -457,13 +460,13 @@ static int flic_decode_frame_8BPP(AVCodecContext *avctx,
                buf_size - bytestream2_get_bytes_left(&g2));
 
     /* make the palette available on the way out */
-    memcpy(s->frame.data[1], s->palette, AVPALETTE_SIZE);
+    memcpy(s->frame->data[1], s->palette, AVPALETTE_SIZE);
     if (s->new_palette) {
-        s->frame.palette_has_changed = 1;
+        s->frame->palette_has_changed = 1;
         s->new_palette = 0;
     }
 
-    if ((ret = av_frame_ref(data, &s->frame)) < 0)
+    if ((ret = av_frame_ref(data, s->frame)) < 0)
         return ret;
 
     *got_frame = 1;
@@ -504,11 +507,11 @@ static int flic_decode_frame_15_16BPP(AVCodecContext *avctx,
 
     bytestream2_init(&g2, buf, buf_size);
 
-    if ((ret = ff_reget_buffer(avctx, &s->frame)) < 0)
+    if ((ret = ff_reget_buffer(avctx, s->frame)) < 0)
         return ret;
 
-    pixels = s->frame.data[0];
-    pixel_limit = s->avctx->height * s->frame.linesize[0];
+    pixels = s->frame->data[0];
+    pixel_limit = s->avctx->height * s->frame->linesize[0];
 
     frame_size = bytestream2_get_le32(&g2);
     bytestream2_skip(&g2, 2);  /* skip the magic number */
@@ -556,7 +559,7 @@ static int flic_decode_frame_15_16BPP(AVCodecContext *avctx,
                 line_packets = bytestream2_get_le16(&g2);
                 if (line_packets < 0) {
                     line_packets = -line_packets;
-                    y_ptr += line_packets * s->frame.linesize[0];
+                    y_ptr += line_packets * s->frame->linesize[0];
                 } else {
                     compressed_lines--;
                     pixel_ptr = y_ptr;
@@ -589,7 +592,7 @@ static int flic_decode_frame_15_16BPP(AVCodecContext *avctx,
                         }
                     }
 
-                    y_ptr += s->frame.linesize[0];
+                    y_ptr += s->frame->linesize[0];
                 }
             }
             break;
@@ -602,7 +605,7 @@ static int flic_decode_frame_15_16BPP(AVCodecContext *avctx,
         case FLI_BLACK:
             /* set the whole frame to 0x0000 which is black in both 15Bpp and 16Bpp modes. */
             memset(pixels, 0x0000,
-                   s->frame.linesize[0] * s->avctx->height);
+                   s->frame->linesize[0] * s->avctx->height);
             break;
 
         case FLI_BRUN:
@@ -657,7 +660,7 @@ static int flic_decode_frame_15_16BPP(AVCodecContext *avctx,
                     pixel_ptr += 2;
                 }
 #endif
-                y_ptr += s->frame.linesize[0];
+                y_ptr += s->frame->linesize[0];
             }
             break;
 
@@ -701,7 +704,7 @@ static int flic_decode_frame_15_16BPP(AVCodecContext *avctx,
                     }
                 }
 
-                y_ptr += s->frame.linesize[0];
+                y_ptr += s->frame->linesize[0];
             }
             break;
 
@@ -714,8 +717,8 @@ static int flic_decode_frame_15_16BPP(AVCodecContext *avctx,
                 bytestream2_skip(&g2, chunk_size - 6);
             } else {
 
-                for (y_ptr = 0; y_ptr < s->frame.linesize[0] * s->avctx->height;
-                     y_ptr += s->frame.linesize[0]) {
+                for (y_ptr = 0; y_ptr < s->frame->linesize[0] * s->avctx->height;
+                     y_ptr += s->frame->linesize[0]) {
 
                     pixel_countdown = s->avctx->width;
                     pixel_ptr = 0;
@@ -748,7 +751,7 @@ static int flic_decode_frame_15_16BPP(AVCodecContext *avctx,
         av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Processed FLI chunk where chunk size = %d " \
                "and final chunk ptr = %d\n", buf_size, bytestream2_tell(&g2));
 
-    if ((ret = av_frame_ref(data, &s->frame)) < 0)
+    if ((ret = av_frame_ref(data, s->frame)) < 0)
         return ret;
 
     *got_frame = 1;
@@ -797,7 +800,7 @@ static av_cold int flic_decode_end(AVCodecContext *avctx)
 {
     FlicDecodeContext *s = avctx->priv_data;
 
-    av_frame_unref(&s->frame);
+    av_frame_free(&s->frame);
 
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libavcodec/mmvideo.c b/libavcodec/mmvideo.c
index ea182a0107..ab59b58781 100644
--- a/libavcodec/mmvideo.c
+++ b/libavcodec/mmvideo.c
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 
 typedef struct MmContext {
     AVCodecContext *avctx;
-    AVFrame frame;
+    AVFrame *frame;
     int palette[AVPALETTE_COUNT];
     GetByteContext gb;
 } MmContext;
@@ -61,7 +61,9 @@ static av_cold int mm_decode_init(AVCodecContext *avctx)
 
     avctx->pix_fmt = AV_PIX_FMT_PAL8;
 
-    avcodec_get_frame_defaults(&s->frame);
+    s->frame = av_frame_alloc();
+    if (!s->frame)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
 
     return 0;
 }
@@ -108,9 +110,9 @@ static int mm_decode_intra(MmContext * s, int half_horiz, int half_vert)
             return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
 
         if (color) {
-            memset(s->frame.data[0] + y*s->frame.linesize[0] + x, color, run_length);
+            memset(s->frame->data[0] + y*s->frame->linesize[0] + x, color, run_length);
             if (half_vert)
-                memset(s->frame.data[0] + (y+1)*s->frame.linesize[0] + x, color, run_length);
+                memset(s->frame->data[0] + (y+1)*s->frame->linesize[0] + x, color, run_length);
         }
         x+= run_length;
 
@@ -159,13 +161,13 @@ static int mm_decode_inter(MmContext * s, int half_horiz, int half_vert)
                     return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
                 if (replace) {
                     int color = bytestream2_get_byte(&data_ptr);
-                    s->frame.data[0][y*s->frame.linesize[0] + x] = color;
+                    s->frame->data[0][y*s->frame->linesize[0] + x] = color;
                     if (half_horiz)
-                        s->frame.data[0][y*s->frame.linesize[0] + x + 1] = color;
+                        s->frame->data[0][y*s->frame->linesize[0] + x + 1] = color;
                     if (half_vert) {
-                        s->frame.data[0][(y+1)*s->frame.linesize[0] + x] = color;
+                        s->frame->data[0][(y+1)*s->frame->linesize[0] + x] = color;
                         if (half_horiz)
-                            s->frame.data[0][(y+1)*s->frame.linesize[0] + x + 1] = color;
+                            s->frame->data[0][(y+1)*s->frame->linesize[0] + x + 1] = color;
                     }
                 }
                 x += 1 + half_horiz;
@@ -194,7 +196,7 @@ static int mm_decode_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx,
     buf_size -= MM_PREAMBLE_SIZE;
     bytestream2_init(&s->gb, buf, buf_size);
 
-    if ((res = ff_reget_buffer(avctx, &s->frame)) < 0)
+    if ((res = ff_reget_buffer(avctx, s->frame)) < 0)
         return res;
 
     switch(type) {
@@ -212,9 +214,9 @@ static int mm_decode_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx,
     if (res < 0)
         return res;
 
-    memcpy(s->frame.data[1], s->palette, AVPALETTE_SIZE);
+    memcpy(s->frame->data[1], s->palette, AVPALETTE_SIZE);
 
-    if ((res = av_frame_ref(data, &s->frame)) < 0)
+    if ((res = av_frame_ref(data, s->frame)) < 0)
         return res;
 
     *got_frame      = 1;
@@ -226,7 +228,7 @@ static av_cold int mm_decode_end(AVCodecContext *avctx)
 {
     MmContext *s = avctx->priv_data;
 
-    av_frame_unref(&s->frame);
+    av_frame_free(&s->frame);
 
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libavcodec/smacker.c b/libavcodec/smacker.c
index 3cdb0d58b3..717e9ea033 100644
--- a/libavcodec/smacker.c
+++ b/libavcodec/smacker.c
@@ -584,6 +584,10 @@ static av_cold int decode_init(AVCodecContext *avctx)
 
     avctx->pix_fmt = AV_PIX_FMT_PAL8;
 
+    c->pic = av_frame_alloc();
+    if (!c->pic)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
     /* decode huffman trees from extradata */
     if(avctx->extradata_size < 16){
         av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Extradata missing!\n");
@@ -596,10 +600,6 @@ static av_cold int decode_init(AVCodecContext *avctx)
         return ret;
     }
 
-    c->pic = av_frame_alloc();
-    if (!c->pic)
-        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
-
     return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/libavcodec/zmbvenc.c b/libavcodec/zmbvenc.c
index 2907c99abc..28dbe20f06 100644
--- a/libavcodec/zmbvenc.c
+++ b/libavcodec/zmbvenc.c
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
  */
 typedef struct ZmbvEncContext {
     AVCodecContext *avctx;
+
     int range;
     uint8_t *comp_buf, *work_buf;
     uint8_t pal[768];
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ static int encode_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVPacket *pkt,
                         const AVFrame *pict, int *got_packet)
 {
     ZmbvEncContext * const c = avctx->priv_data;
-    AVFrame * const p = (AVFrame *)pict;
+    const AVFrame * const p = pict;
     uint8_t *src, *prev, *buf;
     uint32_t *palptr;
     int keyframe, chpal;
@@ -132,8 +133,8 @@ static int encode_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVPacket *pkt,
     c->curfrm++;
     if(c->curfrm == c->keyint)
         c->curfrm = 0;
-    p->pict_type= keyframe ? AV_PICTURE_TYPE_I : AV_PICTURE_TYPE_P;
-    p->key_frame= keyframe;
+    avctx->coded_frame->pict_type = keyframe ? AV_PICTURE_TYPE_I : AV_PICTURE_TYPE_P;
+    avctx->coded_frame->key_frame = keyframe;
     chpal = !keyframe && memcmp(p->data[1], c->pal2, 1024);
 
     palptr = (uint32_t*)p->data[1];
@@ -248,6 +249,20 @@ static int encode_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVPacket *pkt,
     return 0;
 }
 
+static av_cold int encode_end(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    ZmbvEncContext * const c = avctx->priv_data;
+
+    av_freep(&c->comp_buf);
+    av_freep(&c->work_buf);
+
+    deflateEnd(&c->zstream);
+    av_freep(&c->prev);
+
+    av_frame_free(&avctx->coded_frame);
+
+    return 0;
+}
 
 /**
  * Init zmbv encoder
@@ -309,23 +324,11 @@ static av_cold int encode_init(AVCodecContext *avctx)
         return -1;
     }
 
-    return 0;
-}
-
-
-
-/**
- * Uninit zmbv encoder
- */
-static av_cold int encode_end(AVCodecContext *avctx)
-{
-    ZmbvEncContext * const c = avctx->priv_data;
-
-    av_freep(&c->comp_buf);
-    av_freep(&c->work_buf);
-
-    deflateEnd(&c->zstream);
-    av_freep(&c->prev);
+    avctx->coded_frame = av_frame_alloc();
+    if (!avctx->coded_frame) {
+        encode_end(avctx);
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+    }
 
     return 0;
 }